Assessment of the Small-scale Food Processing Subsector in Tanzania and Uganda

Assessment of the Small-scale Food Processing Subsector in Tanzania and Ugand

2-(3-Pyrrolin-1-yl)-1,4-naphthoquinones: Photoactivated Alkylating Agents

The preparation of 2-(3-pyrrolin-1-yl)-1,4-naphthoquinones and a study of their use as photoactivated alkylating agents is reported. The title compounds were easily synthesized by conjugate addition of the corresponding 3-pyrrolines to various naphthoquinones. Upon exposure to ambient room light, the compounds undergo an internal redox reaction to form 2-(pyrrol-1-yl)-1,4-hydroquinones, which are activated for nucleophilic addition by an S N 1 azafulvene mechanism. Control experiments demonstrated that the redox reaction is triggered by light and that the nucleophilic addition does not proceed before this activation occurs.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60962/1/4264_ftp.pd

Community Resilience: A Dynamic Model for Public Health 3.0.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model for Public Health 3.0 in order to define and measure community resilience (CR) as a method to measure equity, address structural racism, and improve population health. DESIGN: To develop the CR model, we conducted a literature review in medicine, psychology, early childhood development, neurobiology, and disaster preparedness and response and applied system dynamics modeling to analyze the complex interactions between public systems, policies, and community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CR model focuses on community and population health outcomes associated with the policies and practices of the housing, public education, law enforcement, and criminal justice sectors as CR measures. The model demonstrates how behaviors of these systems interact and produce outcome measures such as employment, homelessness, educational attainment, incarceration, and mental and physical health. RESULTS: The policies and practices within housing, public schools, law enforcement, and criminal justice can suppress resilience for families and communities because they are shaped by structural racism and influence the character and nature of resources that promote optimal community health and well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Community resilience is relational and place-based and varies depending on the demographic makeup of residents, historical patterns of place-based racism and discrimination, jurisdictional policy, and investment priorities-all influenced by structural racism. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE: Using system dynamics modeling and the CR approach, chief health strategists can convene partners from multiple sectors to systematically identify, measure, and address inequities produced by structural racism that result in and contribute to adverse childhood and community experiences

Physical activity may mitigate COVID-19 infections in people with obesity: A call to action.

In addition to the mental health benefits, moderate-intensity physical activity produces strong immune and inflammatory benefits, and most of the beneficial compounds are synthesized in, or stimulated by, active skeletal muscles. Because skeletal muscle constitutes 30% to 40% of body weight, active muscles distribute positive effects throughout the body (13). In summary, all of these documented effects emphasize that moderate-intensity activities, such as walking, could have immediate beneficial impacts on immune function, inflammatory responses, mental health, and vaccine responsiveness, all of which could reduce the severity of COVID-19 in people with obesity. Based on the relationships among physical activity, obesity, immunity, and mental health, we strongly urge health care, public health, education, workplace, and health insurance professionals and organizations to prioritize physical activity to leverage its acute benefits and immediate protection during the pandemic. Public health organizations and health plans should develop internal and public communication campaigns that emphasize the importance of physical activity for the general population and more specifically for people with obesity as a mechanism to enhance immune responsiveness and potentially mitigate the severity of future infections, physically and mentally

Mitigation of the U.S. agrifood sector’s contribution to human and planetary health: a case study

The relationship of the United States (U.S.) agrifood sector to climate change is bidirectional; cattle production for beef consumption generates methane and nitrous oxide, both of which are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs). These gases contribute to global warming which in turn increase the frequency and strength of adverse catastrophic events, which compromise the food supply. Increased GHGs also affect crop yields and the micronutrient content of crops, which adversely affect the prevalence of food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Because the U.S. is a major contributor to global warming, we have a special responsibility to reduce our contribution to the generation of GHGs. The dilemma is that beef is a highly nutritious and desirable food, with excess consumption in the U.S. and under consumption in other parts of the world, but a desirable source of nutrients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Reductions in fossil fuels have been a major focus of concern, and the agrifood system has been largely ignored. Policy changes to reduce beef consumption have been resisted at the highest levels of government. Furthermore, shifts to more plant-based diets have been contentious. Successful reductions in beef consumption will require individual, institutional, municipal, and state initiatives. Building the political will for change will require a compelling communication campaign that emphasizes the unsustainable contribution of beef consumption to climate change and land and water use

Mammal species composition reveals new insights into Earth’s remaining wilderness

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/8/fee2192-sup-0004-FigS4.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/7/fee2192-sup-0005-FigS5.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/6/fee2192-sup-0006-FigS6.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/5/fee2192.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/4/fee2192-sup-0003-FigS3.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/3/fee2192-sup-0002-FigS2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/2/fee2192-sup-0001-FigS1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156493/1/fee2192_am.pd

Law as a Tool for Preventing Chronic Diseases: Expanding the Spectrum of Effective Public Health Strategies

Law, which is a fundamental element of effective public health policy and practice, played a crucial role in many of public health's greatest achievements of the 20th century. Still, conceptual legal frameworks for the systematic application of law to chronic disease prevention and control have not been fully recognized and used to address public health needs. Development and implementation of legal frameworks could broaden the range of effective public health strategies and provide valuable tools for the public health workforce, especially for state and local health department program managers and state and national policy makers. In an effort to expand the range of effective public health interventions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will work with its partners to explore the development of systematic legal frameworks as a tool for preventing chronic diseases and addressing the growing epidemic of obesity, heart disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases and their risk factors