Unidirectional hopping transport of interacting particles on a finite chain

Particle transport through an open, discrete 1-D channel against a mechanical or chemical bias is analyzed within a master equation approach. The channel, externally driven by time dependent site energies, allows multiple occupation due to the coupling to reservoirs. Performance criteria and optimization of active transport in a two-site channel are discussed as a function of reservoir chemical potentials, the load potential, interparticle interaction strength, driving mode and driving period. Our results, derived from exact rate equations, are used in addition to test a previously developed time-dependent density functional theory, suggesting a wider applicability of that method in investigations of many particle systems far from equilibrium.Comment: 33 pages, 8 figure

Rate- and State-Dependent Friction Law and Statistical Properties of Earthquakes

In order to clarify how the statistical properties of earthquakes depend on the constitutive law characterizing the stick-slip dynamics, we make an extensive numerical simulation of the one-dimensional spring-block model with the rate- and state-dependent friction law. Both the magnitude distribution and the recurrence-time distribution are studied with varying the constitutive parameters characterizing the model. While a continuous spectrum of seismic events from smaller to larger magnitudes is obtained, earthquakes described by this model turn out to possess pronounced ``characteristic'' features.Comment: Minor revisions are made in the text and in the figures. Accepted for publication in Europhys. Letter

Divergent gene expression in the conserved dauer stage of the nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans

BACKGROUND: An organism can respond to changing environmental conditions by adjusting gene regulation and by forming alternative phenotypes. In nematodes, these mechanisms are coupled because many species will form dauer larvae, a stress-resistant and non-aging developmental stage, when exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions, and execute gene expression programs that have been selected for the survival of the animal in the wild. These dauer larvae represent an environmentally induced, homologous developmental stage across many nematode species, sharing conserved morphological and physiological properties. Hence it can be expected that some core components of the associated transcriptional program would be conserved across species, while others might diverge over the course of evolution. However, transcriptional and metabolic analysis of dauer development has been largely restricted to Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we use a transcriptomic approach to compare the dauer stage in the evolutionary model system Pristionchus pacificus with the dauer stage in C. elegans. RESULTS: We have employed Agilent microarrays, which represent 20,446 P. pacificus and 20,143 C. elegans genes to show an unexpected divergence in the expression profiles of these two nematodes in dauer and dauer exit samples. P. pacificus and C. elegans differ in the dynamics and function of genes that are differentially expressed. We find that only a small number of orthologous gene pairs show similar expression pattern in the dauers of the two species, while the non-orthologous fraction of genes is a major contributor to the active transcriptome in dauers. Interestingly, many of the genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer and orphan genes in P. pacificus, are differentially expressed suggesting that these genes are of evolutionary and functional importance. CONCLUSION: Our data set provides a catalog for future functional investigations and indicates novel insight into evolutionary mechanisms. We discuss the limited conservation of core developmental and transcriptional programs as a common aspect of animal evolution

Pristionchus pacificus genomics: from genetics to genome sequence

Satellite systems are proving to be important players in understanding the differences between ontogenies during evolution. The satellite system P. pacificus, since its discovery nearly a decade ago (Sommer et al., 1996), has provided developmental biologists with new insights into various developmental processes (Eizinger and Sommer, 1997; Jungblut and Sommer, 1998; Sigrist and Sommer, 1999; Zheng et al., 2005). Further understanding of these developmental processes necessitated a genomic framework. Generation of an integrated genetic linkage map and a physical map for mapping of mutants has set a good foundation for such molecular studies (Srinivasan et al., 2003; Srinivasan et al., 2002). With the impending genome sequence being generated by the Washington Genome sequencing center (WUGSC) funded by NHGRI, P. pacificus is bound to cross the ‘next frontier’ in our understanding of evolution of developmental and behavioral processes. This review highlights the current status of P. pacificus genomics

Increasing dependence on industry-funded research creates higher risk of biased reporting in medical physics

No abstract availabl

Developments in CORG: a gene-centric comparative genomics resource

The CORG resource (Comparative Regulatory Genomics, ) provides extensive cross-species comparisons of promoter regions in particular and whole gene loci in general. Pairwise as well as multiple alignments of 10 vertebrate species form the key component of CORG. We implemented a rapid alignment approach based on weight matrix motif anchors to ensure efficient computation and biologically informative alignments. All CORG workbench components have been enhanced towards more flexibility and interactivity. Reference sequence based data presentation and analysis was put into the well-known and modular Generic Genome Browser framework. Herein, various plugins facilitate online data analysis and integration with static conservation data. Main emphasis was put on the design of a new JAVA WebStart application for comparative data display. Flexible data import and export options for standard formats complete the provided services

Acoustic radiation controls friction: Evidence from a spring-block experiment

Brittle failures of materials and earthquakes generate acoustic/seismic waves which lead to radiation damping feedbacks that should be introduced in the dynamical equations of crack motion. We present direct experimental evidence of the importance of this feedback on the acoustic noise spectrum of well-controlled spring-block sliding experiments performed on a variety of smooth surfaces. The full noise spectrum is quantitatively explained by a simple noisy harmonic oscillator equation with a radiation damping force proportional to the derivative of the acceleration, added to a standard viscous term.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures. Replaced with version accepted in PR

High-resolution profiling of protein occupancy on polyadenylated RNA transcripts

A key prerequisite to understand how gene regulatory processes are controlled by the interplay of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and ribonucleoprotein complexes with RNAs is the generation of comprehensive high-resolution maps of protein-RNA interactions. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology accelerated the development of various crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) approaches to broadly identify RNA regions contacted by RNA-binding proteins. However these methods only consider single RNA-binding proteins and their contact sites, irrespective of the overall cis-regulatory sequence space contacted by other RNA interacting factors. Here we describe the application of protein occupancy profiling, a novel approach that globally displays the RNA contact sites of the poly(A)+ RNA-bound proteome. Protein occupancy profiling enables the generation of transcriptome-wide maps of protein-RNA interactions on polyadenylated transcripts and narrows the sequence search space for transcript regions involved in cis-regulation of gene expression in response to internal or external stimuli, altered cellular programs or disease

FLEXBAR: flexible barcode and adapter processing for next-generation sequencing platforms

Quantitative and systems biology approaches benefit from the unprecedented depth of next-generation sequencing. A typical experiment yields millions of short reads, which oftentimes carry particular sequence tags. These tags may be: (a) specific to the sequencing platform and library construction method (e.g., adapter sequences); (b) have been introduced by experimental design (e.g., sample barcodes); or (c) constitute some biological signal (e.g., splice leader sequences in nematodes). Our software FLEXBAR enables accurate recognition, sorting and trimming of sequence tags with maximal flexibility, based on exact overlap sequence alignment. The software supports data formats from all current sequencing platforms, including color-space reads. FLEXBAR maintains read pairings and processes separate barcode reads on demand. Our software facilitates the fine-grained adjustment of sequence tag detection parameters and search regions. FLEXBAR is a multi-threaded software and combines speed with precision. Even complex read processing scenarios might be executed with a single command line call. We demonstrate the utility of the software in terms of read mapping applications, library demultiplexing and splice leader detection. FLEXBAR and additional information is available for academic use from the website: http://sourceforge.net/projects/flexbar/

Unified Description of Aging and Rate Effects in Yield of Glassy Solids

The competing effects of slow structural relaxations (aging) and deformation at constant strain rate on the shear yield stress $\tau^y$ of simple model glasses are examined using molecular simulations. At long times, aging leads to a logarithmic increase in density and $\tau^y$. The yield stress also rises logarithmically with rate, but shows a sharp transition in slope at a rate that decreases with increasing age. We present a simple phenomenological model that includes both intrinsic rate dependence and the change in properties with the total age of the system at yield. As predicted by the model, all data for each temperature collapse onto a universal curve.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure