1 research outputs found

    Effekter av olika tillvÀxthastigheter under kalvperioden

    Get PDF
    Rekryteringsdjur i svenska mjölkkobesĂ€ttningar har traditionsmĂ€ssigt inte blivit uppmĂ€rksammade. Tiden frĂ„n födsel till inkalvning ses ofta som en kostsam transportstrĂ€cka. Det Ă€r först nĂ€r de börjar avkasta mjölk och generera pengar till gĂ„rden som de börjar bli av intresse. PĂ„ Alnarps försöksgĂ„rd, MellangĂ„rd, genomfördes det 2000-2001 en tillvĂ€xtstudie pĂ„ kalvar under mjölkperioden. Totalt ingick 62 kalvar, hĂ€lften fick en hög mjölkgiva och resterande fick en lĂ€gre mjölkgiva. Det gav tvĂ„ grupper, en med hög tillvĂ€xt (H) och en med lĂ€gre tillvĂ€xt (L). Under kvigperioden fick alla kvigor samma utfodring oavsett tidigare grupp. Nedan följer en sammanstĂ€llning av tidigare försöksresultat som visar tendenser hur en god jĂ€mfört med normal tillvĂ€xt pĂ„ kalv och kviga pĂ„verkar den framtida kon. FrĂ„n den dagen kalven föds Ă€r det viktigt att vara mĂ„lmedveten med dess uppvĂ€xt. Det Ă€r mĂ„nga saker som pĂ„verkar kalvens hĂ€lsa sĂ„ som inhysnings- och utfodringssystem, fodrets konsistens och kvalitĂ© som i sin tur pĂ„verkar kalvens tillvĂ€xt. För den nyfödda kalven Ă€r det oerhört viktigt att fĂ„ i sig rĂ€tt mĂ€ngd rĂ„mjölk i rĂ€tt tid. RĂ„mjölken hjĂ€lper kalven bygga upp sitt immunförsvar som i sin tur minskar risken för sjukdom hos kalven vilket kan leda till minskad tillvĂ€xt. De vanligaste kalvsjukdomarna Ă€r diarrĂ© och lunginflammation. DĂ„ kvigan har en stor tillvĂ€xtpotential under kalvperioden Ă€r den perioden viktig att ta vara pĂ„ för att fĂ„ kalven att utvecklas och vĂ€xa maximalt. Det rekommenderas att kalven bör ha en daglig tillvĂ€xt pĂ„ minst 650g. Kalvarna i det försöksmaterial som vi sammanstĂ€llt har haft en tillvĂ€xt mellan 537-986 g/dag. Andra försök har visat att kalvar med en hög tillvĂ€xt, runt 1000 g/dag, har vid sin första laktation gett en högre avkastning Ă€n de kalvar som haft en betydligt lĂ€gre tillvĂ€xt under mjölkperioden. Kalvarna som ingĂ„tt i detta projekt har inte visat nĂ„gon tendens att de skulle ge en högre avkastning. Det Ă€r viktigt att visa pĂ„ de effekter som olika skötsel- och utfodringsstrategier till kalvar och kvigor har pĂ„ den blivande kon. NĂ€r kvigan Ă€r mellan 3-13 mĂ„nader sĂ€ger man att hon befinner sig i den kritiska perioden, dĂ„ Ă€r risken stor att hon vid överutfodring ansĂ€tter fett i juvret med en lĂ„g avkastning som följd. Svenska rekommendationer har lĂ€nge varnat för effekterna av en för hög tillvĂ€xt under denna period, max 650-750g/dag. Följderna av detta Ă€r att svenska mjölkproducenter blivit restriktiva i sina foderstater till rekryteringskvigor dĂ„ rĂ€dslan för överutfodring varit stor. Det har fĂ„tt till följd att mĂ„nga kvigor underutfodrats av framförallt proteinfodermedel. Det finns mycket forskning inom Ă€mnet och det tvistas hur kritisk perioden egentligen Ă€r. Det finns forskare som menar pĂ„ att den kritiska perioden finns men den genetiska kapaciteten för tillvĂ€xt har ökat. De menar pĂ„ att det djurmaterial som finns i dagslĂ€get tĂ„l högre tillvĂ€xt under den kritiska perioden Ă€n de djur som fanns nĂ€r de första upptĂ€ckterna gjordes. SammanstĂ€llningen vi har gjort av material pĂ„ tillvĂ€xt under kritiska perioden och den framtida avkastningen visar ingen tendens att den kritiska perioden skulle pĂ„verka avkastningen sĂ„ lĂ€nge tillvĂ€xten inte överstiger 1000g per dag. Försök har visat pĂ„ att lĂ€gre inkalvningsĂ„lder ger en lĂ€gre avkastning. Det har ofta att göra med att ett Ă€ldre djur Ă€r mer utvecklat och har en högre vikt, vilket i sin tur har ett positivt samband med avkastningen. Det ska dock inte glömmas bort att stĂ€lla den nĂ„got lĂ€gre avkastningen mot den högre uppfödningskostnaden för en Ă€ldre kviga. Det finns kalkyler, pĂ„ hur mycket det kostar att föda upp kvigan, som visar pĂ„ hur mycket man kan spara pĂ„ att lĂ„ta kvigan kalva in tidigare. Dock sĂ„ mĂ„ste kvigan vid inkalvning ha uppnĂ„tt tillrĂ€cklig vikt sĂ„ att man fĂ„r en vĂ€l fungerande och hĂ„llbar ko. Materialet frĂ„n försöket pĂ„ MellangĂ„rd har sammanstĂ€llts för att illustrera hur inkalvningsvikt och inkalvningsĂ„lder pĂ„verkar mjölkavkastningen. Det visar en tendens pĂ„ att, precis som det nĂ€mns ovan, att en högre inkalvningsĂ„lder ger en högre avkastning. Dock visar sammanstĂ€llningen ingen tendens pĂ„ att vikten vid inkalvning skulle pĂ„verka avkastningen inom det tillvĂ€xtintervallet som undersöktes. Grupperna med hög (H) respektive lĂ„g (L) tillvĂ€xt jĂ€mfördes nĂ€r det gĂ€llde registrerade behandlingar, antal laktationer och utslagsorsak. I rapporter frĂ„n försöket beskrevs det att kvigorna med en högre inkalvningsĂ„lder Ă€n 25 mĂ„nader visade en klar tendens till fler kalvningssvĂ„righeter. Grupp H visar pĂ„ 43 % av det totala antalet registrerade sjukdomar och grupp L 57 %. Antalet laktationer har jĂ€mförts med tillvĂ€xten dag 0-90. Den tendens som gĂ„r att utlĂ€sa av tabellen Ă€r avsaknaden av kvigor med hög tillvĂ€xt och mĂ„nga laktationer. Utslagsorsakerna av djuren har sammanstĂ€llts, grupperna Ă€r uppdelade var för sig. Det bör nĂ€mnas att MellangĂ„rd drabbades av salmonella hösten 2005 och sommaren 2006 slogs samtliga kor ut. DĂ€rför Ă€r det svĂ„rt att klargöra nĂ„gra tendenser bĂ„de vad det gĂ€ller antal laktationer och utslagsorsaker.In Swedish dairy herds, replacement heifers have never been a big economical factor until they calf and start their milk production. The time from their birth until their first calf are considered an expensive transportation route. Normally producers don’t consider the quality of feed and the heifer’s daily gain during this period an important issue. A study about female calves daily weight gain was made at Alnarps research farm, MellangĂ„rd, in the year 2000-2001. In total 62 calves were studied and they were assigned to two different treatments during their neonatal period. This gave two groups with different daily weight gain (L with lower and H with higher). One of these groups was fed a higher amount of milk than the other group. During their pre- and post pubertal period both groups were fed exactly the same. The following will show a compilation of data that shows the differences in a cow’s future production based on their daily gain as calves. It is very important that the producer have a very fixed purpose with the calf’s upbringing from day one. There are many things that affect the calf’s health, like for example feeding and housing systems and the quality of food which in their turn affect the calf’s daily gain. For the new born calf it is extremely important that it is fed the right amount of colostrum as soon as possible. Colostrum secures the calves immunity which lowers the risk for disease and thereby also the risk for lower daily gain. Diarrhea and pneumonia are the most common diseases for calves. The potential for heifer’s daily gain is very high during the neonatal period, because of this it is very important to take advantage of this and make sure that the daily gain is maximal. The recommended daily gain is a minimum of 650 g per day. The calves in the material we have studied had an average daily gain between 537 and 986 g per day. Other studies show that calves with a higher daily gain (average 1000 g per day) produce more milk during their first lactation than calves that had lower daily gain. Although, the calves in this study does not show any difference that they should produce more milk. It is very important to show that the effects that different feeding strategies and housing systems used for calves make a big difference on the future cow. When the heifer is between 3 and 13 months old is considered critical period. The risk of overfeeding that leads to a fattening udder and low milk production is during this period very big. For a long time swedish recommendations has said that the effects from a high daily gain might be critical during this period and recommend a daily gain of maximum 650-750 g per day. Because of this Swedish dairy farmers have been careful about not feeding their heifers too much, which has led to many underfed heifers especially considering protein intake. A lot of research has been made in the area and scientists still argue about how critical this period really is. Some scientists say that the critical period exists, but the genetical capacity for daily gain has increased. They say that the material of animals bred today endure a higher daily gain during the critical period than the animals bred when scientist first discovered the critical period. This compilation shows that the daily gain during the critical period will not affect future milk production as long as the daily gain is not higher than 1000 g per day. Studies have showed that heifers that have lower age at calving get a lower milk production subsequently. Because older animals are heavier and more developed they produce more milk. One important issue that should not be forgotten is that the older heifers have a higher rearing cost. Calculations show how much a heifer costs in rearing and how much a producer can save by letting the heifer calf at lower age. Important to consider when calving heifers at lower age is the balance between a well grown, well working and longevity. The material from the studies at MellangĂ„rd has been compiled to weight at calving and age at calving in proportion to future milk production. It shows that just as mentioned before, a higher age at calving gives a higher future milk production. It does not show anything about if the weight at calving affects the future milk production (figure 4). The different groups with high and low daily gain were compared registered treatments, number of lactations and cause of death. Rapports from the studies showed that the heifers older than 25 months at calving had more difficulties at calving. Table 9 shows this and the groups registered diseases compared to each other. Group H shows a total of 43% of the registered diseases and group L 57%. The number of lactations is compared with the average daily gain day during 0-90 days. It shows that there are very few heifers with a high daily gain and many lactations. The causes of death have been compiled, the groups have been divided. We also want to mention that MellangĂ„rd suffered salmonella in the fall of 2005 and in the summer 2006 the entire herd was killed off. This makes it hard to define any tendencies considering lactations and causes of death
    corecore