Modeling of the process of oilseed meat cooking in a multi-vat cooker during processing of oil raw materials

Вивчені й проаналізовані процеси, що відбуваються при жарінні м’ятки масличної сировини в кожному чані багаточанної жаровні. Розроблено їх математична модель, що враховує гідродинаміку первинної і вторинної циркуляції, енергію зв'язку вологи з матеріалом. Чисельні рішення моделі дозволять обґрунтувати технологічні режими жаріння і конструктивні параметри жаровні. Складено і проаналізовано тепловий баланс кондуктивного і конвектівного тепло-, масопереносу при сушінні м’ятк

Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Actinidia polygama and A. arguta fruits and leaves

Plants of two species of Actinidia genus grown in an adverse steppe climate were examined in terms of secondary metabolites’ accumulation, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial ability. The aim of the work was to reveal whether the introduced plants A. arguta and A. polygama retain their well-known health benefits. Total content of polyphenols (549.2 and 428.1 mg GAE/100 g FW, respectively), flavonoids, and phenolic acids as well as total antioxidant activity and reducing power of the fruit isopropanol extracts were found to be equal or even higher than the reported data on kiwifruit varieties cultivated in China and other regions. Antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds’ content in the fruit peel of both species were higher when compared to pulp, while corresponding indices of leaves exceeded those of the fruit. Disc-diffusion assays showed low to moderate antibacterial activity of A. arguta and A. polygama fruit and leaf extracts against collection Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. Clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and E. coli resistant to the action of ofloxacin were notably inhibited by A. arguta and A. polygama fruit and leaf crude extracts. Inhibiting effects of plant extracts on clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii were comparable with the effect of ofloxacin. GC-MS assays identified 23 and 36 chemical constituents, respectively in A. arguta and A. polygama fruit isopropanol extracts. The main compounds in both extracts were 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester followed by squalene, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-dien-2,8-dione, octadecanoic acid, 2-oxo-methyl ester, ethyl-isoallocholate, and phytol having known bioactivities. Our findings confirmed the preservation of useful properties by the introduced plants and also indicated the rich health-promoting abilities and expedience of cultivating A. arguta and A. polygama in a steppe climate

Modification of the epicuticular waxes of plant leaves due to increased sunlight intensity

Climatic changes observed around the world in recent years are associated with an increase in the solar radiation intensity and temperature and reduction in the humidity. Fluctuations of environmental factors significantly change the conditions for the existence of plants, which dictates the need for adaptive reactions of plant organisms at the different levels of their organization. Such dangerous processes as excessive heating of the surface of plant leaves and water loss can be prevented by the formation of a cuticle, which is a complex composition consisting of cutin and the soluble intracuticular and epicuticular waxes. We suggested that the structure, component composition and properties of the cuticle of trees undergo adaptive changes due to microclimatic conditions in different parts of the tree crown. The study was aimed at the identification and evaluation of light-induced differences in the accumulation and composition of leaf epicuticular waxes of Ulmus trees (native U. minor Mill. and alien U. pumila L.), and was conducted in 2018–2019 in Dnipro city located in the steppe zone of Ukraine. Analysis of the waxes’ chloroform extracts was carried out using GC Shimadzu 2010 PLUS equipped with a flame ionization detector and capillary column SP-2560. The highest amount of epicuticular waxes (12.23 ± 0.39 µg/cm2) was on the sunlit leaves of U. pumila, and wax deposits on the sunned leaves exceeded twice those on the shaded leaves in both U. minor and U. pumila. Long-chain hydrocarbons detected in the epicuticular waxes of both elm species were represented by free fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, and n-alkanes in various ratios. In the epicuticular waxes of U. minor, fatty acids dominated both on shaded and sunned leaves, while alkanes together with alcohols were the main components in U. pumila waxes, especially on the sunlit leaves. According to our results, local high illumination of leaves in the crown of both elm species caused increase in share of long-chain alkanes (1.2–1.9 times), but simultaneous reduction of the content of free fatty acids (1.5–16.8 times) in the epicuticular waxes’ composition. General patterns of the leaf epicuticular waxes’ modification due to increased solar radiation and air temperature can indicate the adaptive metabolic responses of woody plants to changing climatic conditions

Soluble cuticular wax composition and antimicrobial activity of the fruits of Chaenomeles species and an interspecific hybrid

Plants of the genus Chaenomeles Lindl. (Rosaceae) naturally grow in Southeast Asia and represent the richest resource of biologically active compounds with beneficial properties for humans. Plants of C. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai species, and interspecific hybrid C. × superba (Frahm) Rehder (C. japonica × C. speciosa, Superba group) have been successfully introduced in the steppe zone of Ukraine and bear fruits. In this study, we evaluated chemical composition of fruit cuticular waxes and antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts. The soluble waxes were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 26–36 compounds, representing 91.7–96.6% of the total soluble cuticular waxes, were identified. Waxes of Chaenomeles fruits belonged to six classes, namely fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers and alkanes. Aldehydes 7-hexadecenal and heptacosanal, and alkanes hexatriacontane and tetrapentacontane were the main constituents in the soluble cuticular waxes of C. speciosa and C. × superba fruits, accounting for more than half of the total contents. However, alkane tetrapentacontane, alcohol 8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol and heptacosanal prevailed in C. japonica fruit waxes. Isopropanolic fruit extracts exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria, five Gram-positive bacteria and one fungal strain in the disc diffusion assay. In general, extracts from the Chaenomeles fruits demonstrated higher activity against Gram+ bacteria than Gram- strains. The strongest inhibiting activity was shown against Staphylococcus epidermidis (by the fruit extracts of C. × superba and C. speciosa), Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans (both by C. × superba fruit extract). Results of the study confirmed accumulation of the bioactive compounds in the fruit waxes of different Chaenomeles species and antimicrobial ability of Chaenomeles fruits as well. These findings revealed the bioactive compounds in fruit cuticular waxes and suggested health-promoting properties of introduced Chaenomeles species

Cuticular wax composition of mature leaves of species and hybrids of the genus Prunus differing in resistance to clasterosporium disease

The interaction of a host plant with pathogen implies an extremely complex process involving the outer waxy layer of the cuticle, cutin, cell membrane, and intracellular structures. However, the initial contact between plants and pathogens takes place in cuticular waxes covering the surface of leaves, stems and fruits. Despite many findings on the role of plant epicuticular waxes, there is a gap in the understanding of the relationship between individual compounds and their functions. The pathogenic fungus Clasterosporium carpohilum (Lev.) Aderh. parasitizes the tissues of many stone fruit trees, damaging leaf and fruit surface. The aim of this work was to find out if the quantity and composition of leaf epicuticular wax could be responsible for the resistance to clasterosporium disease. The study of differences of plants in fungal resistance was carried out on species and hybrids of the genus Prunus from the collection of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro city, Ukraine). The chloroform extracts of epicuticular waxes from the surface of mature leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography connected to mass-spectrometry. GC/MS assay was performed using Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2020 El equipped with capillary column (5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane), and helium as a carrier gas. Mass Spectrum Library 2014 for GSMS was used to identify the separated compounds of the wax extracts. The maximum total wax amount on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of hybrid 2 was twice the minimum wax accumulation for hybrid 4. Overall, 20 individual compounds belonging to six hydrocarbon classes were identified. Leaf epicuticular wax composition both in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, and hybrids was dominated by long-chain n-alkanes with even carbon number (77.6–90.9% of total sum). The alkenes’ class was represented only by 17-pentatriacontene detected in the wax of both Prunus species. Octadecanaldehyde was found in epicuticular wax of P. dulcis while absent in wax of the more resistant species P. persica. Prime alcohols 1-tetradecanol and 1-hexacosanol were detected in leaf waxes of hybrid 4 and P. dulcis respectively. The ester class contained seven compounds found in leaf epicuticular waxes of both plant species and all hybrid forms. The identification of phthalic acid esters in leaf wax extracts was unexpected, and the phthalates’ origin is discussed. Strong positive correlation between leaf damage and tetrapentacontane content in epicuticular waxes could presumably be the result of infection-induced metabolism reprogramming in epidermal cells of infected leaves

Anthropometric criteria, somatotype and functional performance of basketball players at diff erent stages of sports training

Objective: to identify the correlation between physical development, somatic physique type, biological maturation and playing positions in basketball. Materials and methods: 112 male basketball players were divided into two groups: group 1 included 75 9-10 year-old young basketball players at the initial training; group 2 included 37 23-31 year-old professional basketball players. We evaluated the age, body mass, body mass index (BMI), body fat, body height, arm span, relaxed and flexed arm girth, calf girth, and skinfold thickness (triceps, biceps, iliac, abdominal). Results: the young basketball players demonstrated signifi cantly lower values of body height, arm span, body mass, body fat, relaxed and flexed arm girth, and calf girth. Both young and professional basketball players had macrosomatic physique type. Group 2 adult professional guards and forwards had signifi cant diff erences in body height. Adult centers had the largest arm span; on the other hand, the arm span of the adult guards was the smallest. The centers and forwards had principally macrosomatic physique type while the adult guards had mesosomatic physique type. Conclusions: the adult professional basketball players varied in their antropometric parameters according to playing positions but there was no difference between young basketball players; the body mass, body height, and arm span were the most important parameters. Centers should be of macrosomatic physique type, and had arm span more than forwards and guards. Therefore, the data of physical growth level, somatic physique type, and biological maturation rate should be considered in basketball player selection

Modeling the invasiveness of Ulmus pumila in urban ecosystems in conditions of climate change

Climatic change can influence the boundaries of the natural and alien plant species distribution. Fluctuations in air temperature, relative humidity and other factors can become a stimulus to initiation and / or intensification of the invasive nature of some adventive plant species, especially in areas with a high degree of anthropogenic transformation. This paper presents an analysis of the current state and a forecast of the invasiveness of the alien species Ulmus pumila L. (Asiatic elm) in the Northern Steppe Dnieper under conditions of climatic change. Two local U. pumila populations consisting of young different age trees were found during a route survey in the territory of the large industrial city Dnipro (48°28′00″ N, 35°01′05″ E) in its left-bank and right-bank parts.The seed origin of both local populations of Asiatic elm is confirmed by the fact that the young plants were spaced at a distance of 50 to 120 m from adult trees, which could potentially be parent plants. Both the left-bank and right-bank populations of U. pumila were located on abandoned construction sites, where there were numerous reinforced concrete slabs, piles and abundant construction debris. In both U. pumila local populations, 100 different-aged trees were randomly selected throughout the site, and their age and the morphometric parameters were measured to simulate the development process of the detected populations, provided the current trends of climate change continue. Analytical dependence of the number of trees in the left-bank local U. pumila population on development time was described by a polynomial model with a determination coefficient of 98.3%. The graphic representation of this model had a sinusoidal character, and a similar dynamic of left-bank population growth in the subsequent years was suggested. The dynamic of the number of trees in the right-bank local Asiatic elm population was described by an exponential model with a determination coefficient of 84.4%, and its graphical representation was exponential. According to the forecast, by 2020, the number of plants in the right-bank local population of U. pumila can increase 4-fold in comparison with 2015 while maintaining the current dynamic of population development. Thus, the created mathematical models adequately described the dynamics of development of both local populations during the last 15 years and predicted their subsequent intensive growth, confirming the initiation and intensification of the invasive nature of the alien species U. pumila by climatic change in the Steppe Dnieper

The effect of voluntary hypoventilation in yoga breathing exercises on gas exchange and EEG activity in healthy trained subjects

Objective: to assess the effect of voluntary hypoventilation during yoga breathing exercises on gas exchange and EEG activity in a group of healthy, trained practitioners.Materials and methods: 25 volunteers (21 men and 4 women, average age 42.96 ± 9.19 years) performed hypoventilation yoga exercises with a decrease in respiratory rate to 1–1.5 times/minute. Registration of respiratory rate, tidal volume and minute volume of breathing, gas analysis of exhaled air (PetCO2, FeO2) and spectral analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) in gICA model were carried out during breathing with a frequency of 1–1.5 times/minute and during relatively free breathing with mental calculation.Results: Breathing with a frequency of 1–1.5 times/minute causes a decrease in minute volume of breathing, the development of alveolar hypoxia and hypercapnia, which leads to an increase in the power of some local components in the slow delta, theta and alpha EEG bands. In addition, breathing with a frequency of 1–1.5 times/minute is accompanied by a decrease in the alpha- and beta-power of some components, the sources of which are located in the motor areas of the cortex, but is also accompanied by an increase in the power of components with widespread scalp topography in beta and gamma bands.Conclusion: Voluntary hypoventilation during yoga breathing exercises leads to the development of alveolar hypoxia and hypercapnia, accompanied by an increase in the power of local components in the slow EEG bands. At the same time, the alpha and beta powers of components localized in the motor areas of the cortex decrease, which may be a consequence of muscle tension during slow breathing

The impact of the programs of medical rehabilitation on the growth and development of adolescents with the pathology of the urinary system

Physical development (PD) of the child and the teenager is one of the main criteria for health (6). However, the interpretation of the only indicators of physical development and level of harmony does not give an opportunity to judge the themed processes of increase does not reflect the integral characteristics of the flow of development of an individual (1,5). One of the integral characteristics of the growth and development of the patient is the diagnosis of somatic body type (2), used in pediatric and adolescent practice for several decades. To complement the data on the rate of development to the use of diagnostic tempo of biological maturation, teenagers have the diagnosis of secondary sexual characteristics of the runway (2). Diagnosis of somatic body types and biological maturity of children and adolescents have long been required components assessment of the state of health (MOH Order MP of the Russian Federation № 292 «On improvement of medical-sports services of the Russian Federation» dated 19.07.1996; Order of Ministry of health of the Russian Federation №337 «on measures for further development and improvement of sports medicine and physical therapy» from 20.08.2001; Order of Ministry of health of the Russian Federation №1346 Order of minors medical examination» of 21.12.2012).Физическое развитие (ФР) ребенка и подростка является одним из основных критериев здоровья (6). Однако трактовка только показателей физического развития и уровня гармоничности не дает возможность судить о темповых процессах прироста показателей, не полностью отражает интегральную характеристику течения развития индивидуума (1,5). Одной из интегральных характеристик роста и развития пациента является диагностика соматического типа телосложения (2), используемая в педиатрической и подростковой практике несколько десятилетий. Для дополнения данных о темпе развития используют диагностику темпа биологического созревания, у подростков - по диагностике вторичных половых признаков ВПП (2). Диагностика соматических типов телосложения и биологической зрелости детей и подростков уже давно являются обязательными компонентами оценки состояния здоровья (Приказ М3 МП РФ № 292 «О совершенствовании врачебно-физкультурной службы РФ» от 19.07.1996; Приказ М3 РФ №337 «О мерах по дальнейшему развитию и совершенствованию спортивной медицины и лечебной физкультуры» от 20.08.2001; Приказ М3 РФ №1346 «Порядок прохождения несовершеннолетними медицинских осмотров» от 21.12.2012)