Genotypes of the clones in studied at the 13 heterozygous loci.

<p>Polymorphism is indicated in bold font.</p><p>Genotypes of the clones in studied at the 13 heterozygous loci.</p

Scheme of evolutionary mechanism of the pinot clones.

<p>The propagation of a mutated cell of the meristem (★ causes the formation of a mericlinal sector, then the complete invasion of a cell layer created a periclinal chimera. Cellular displacement from the L2 to the L1 cell layers (D) and less frequent cellular rearrangements (R) from the L1 to the L2 cell layers lead to the homogenization of the cell layers and to the loss of the chimeric state. PB: Pinot blanc, PG: Pinot gris, PN Pinot noir.</p

Schematic presentation of the Pinot haplotypes determined by genetic analysis.

<p>Solid grey line corresponds to the ‘white’ haplotype and solid black line to the ‘colored’ haplotype. Dotted lines symbolize deletion or unknown sequences. The boxes represent <i>VvmybA</i> genes: A1: <i>VvmybA1</i> and A2: <i>VvmybA2</i>. The grey triangle indicates the insertion. Positions on chromosome 2 are given en Mb according to the 12X genome sequence.</p

Models for pathways proposed to explain the non-canonical ‘white’ haplotypes.

<p>These models are based on the repair of DSBs. After induction of the double-strand break in the acceptor molecule, in that case the ‘colored’ haplotype (solid black line), the ends are processing to yield 3’single-strands tails. Then, the 3’ends invades the double-stranded donor molecule, here the ‘white’ haplotype (solid grey line) and repair synthesis occurs. For the further processing of the intermediate two possible outcomes can be envisaged. For the formation of w188-1: the acceptor molecule is elongating, possibly up to the homology of the second 3’end of the DSB followed by the insertion of a genomic sequence copied from elsewhere into the break. For the formation of w188-2: the acceptor molecule is elongating up to the end of the chromosome using the invading donor sequence as template.</p

Genetic linkage map of the Pinot noir 162 chromosome 2.

<p>Positions of the markers along the chromosome 2 are given in cM and <i>Mb</i> (in italics).</p

Presentation1.pdf

<p>The Oomycete Plasmopara viticola is responsible for downy mildew, which is one of the most damaging grapevine diseases. Due to the strictly biotrophic way of life of P. viticola, its metabolome is relatively poorly characterized. In this work, we have used a mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomic approach to identify potential Plasmopara-specific metabolites. This has led to the characterization and structural elucidation of compounds belonging to three families of atypical lipids, which are not detected in healthy grapevine tissues. These lipids include ceramides and derivatives of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid, most of which had not been previously described in Oomycetes. Furthermore, we show that these lipids can be detected in Plasmopara-infected tissues at very early stages of the infection process, long before the appearance the first visible symptoms of the disease. Therefore, the potential use of these specific lipids as markers to monitor the development of P. viticola is discussed.</p