Impact of Program Review on IPE Programming and Assessment

Purpose: Efforts to measure the effectiveness of Interprofessional Practice and Education (IPE) are challenging. We will present how formal program review can measure IPE effectiveness and lead to improvements in programming and assessment. Background: Western University of Health Sciences requires program review of curricular programs. The IPE curriculum recently underwent program review. External reviewers shared the results of their evaluations with university administration and deans. Their specific recommendations led to a retreat and development of a vision statement for IPE and the development of a new clinical assessment tool. Description of Intervention: After program review and receipt of the reviewers’ recommendations a full day retreat was held with senior administration and Deans from all health professions programs. Through these efforts a new IPE program vision statement was re-stated with reaffirmed commitments from all present. Preliminary Results: A shared vision statement was developed and finalized, which led to re-prioritizing core and key competencies to be used in the IPE curriculum. The revised core competencies were circulated via electronic survey to clinical practice sites where preceptors provided feedback and comments so that the competencies adequately defined measurable skills and behaviors could be used as assessment tools during clinical rotations. Relevance to Interprofessional Education or Practice: Program review can have an impact on the development of a shared university IPE vision and the identification of measurable IPE behaviors and skills important to the field. Recommendation for future investigation or incorporation into education: Outcomes from the new assessment tool will be compiled and analyzed with respect to use in clinical education across health professions. Learning Objectives: 1) Describe how formal university program review can used to renew senior administration commitment to IPE and to improve assessment practices. 2) Reflect on how program review can be instituted in any institution with an IPE program

Person Perception

The complexities of the brain and nervous system make neuroscience an inherently interdisciplinary pursuit, one that comprises disparate basic, clinical, and applied disciplines. Behavioral neuroscientists approach the brain and nervous system as instruments of sensation and response; cognitive neuroscientists view the same systems as a solitary computer with a focus on representations and processes. The Oxford Handbook of Social Neuroscience marks the emergence of a third broad perspective in this field. Social neuroscience emphasizes the functions that emerge through the coaction and interaction of conspecifics, the neural mechanisms that underlie these functions, and the commonality and differences across social species and superorganismal structures. With an emphasis on the neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying social behavior, social neuroscience places emphasis on the associations and influences between social and biological levels of organization. This complex interdisciplinary perspective demands theoretical, methodological, statistical, and inferential rigor to effectively integrate basic, clinical, and applied perspectives on the nervous system and brain.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/1042/thumbnail.jp

EEG Methods for the Psychological Sciences

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Peering Through the Smoke: The Effect of Parental Smoking Behavior and Addiction on Daily Smokers’ Attentional Bias to Smoking Cues

Although previous research has demonstrated that individuals with parents who smoke are more likely to become smokers and are less successful in smoking cessation efforts compared with those without a smoking parent, the reasons for this link have not been established. In the current study, implicit attentional bias to smoking-related cues was investigated in college-age smokers, based on models of addiction that suggest that attention to drug-related cues plays an important role in drug addiction. Sixty-one participants completed a dot-probe task to measure attentional bias to smoking-related and matched non-smoking-related control pictures. Results indicated that while those who reported smoking occasionally did not demonstrate an attentional bias, daily smokers who had a smoking parent showed more of an attentional bias to the smoking cues than those without a smoking parent, but only to cues that did not contain human content. In addition to parental influence, nicotine dependence explained a significant portion of the variance in the attentional bias for daily smokers. Implications for models of nicotine addiction and the development of smoking cessation programs are discussed

Social Cognitive Neuroscience of Person Perception: A Selective Review Focused on the Event-Related Brain Potential

This compelling volume provides a broad and accessible overview of the emerging field of social neuroscience. Showcasing an array of cutting-edge research programs, leading investigators present new approaches to the study of how the brain influences social behavior, and vice versa. The contributors discuss the theoretical advantages of taking a social neuroscience perspective and analyze what their findings reveal about core social psychological phenomena. Essential topics include emotion, motivation, attitudes, person perception, stereotyping and prejudice, and interpersonal relationships.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/1045/thumbnail.jp

Attitudes Towards Volunteerism and Individuals with Disabilities in High School Students as a Function of Educational System in South Korea

Volunteerism has positive effects for both society and the individuals who engage in volunteering. Numerous studies have focused on the positive relationship between adolescents’ volunteering experiences and their psychological and social development, while other studies have assessed the positive attitudinal changes of adolescent volunteers in frequent contact with individuals with disabilities. However, few studies have focused on the role of education on students’ perceptions of individuals with disabilities. The present study investigated the volunteering experiences of students enrolled in American and Korean educational system schools in South Korea. Results revealed that the American-system students volunteered more often and had more positive attitudes about volunteerism compared to Korean-system students. In addition, American-system students with more positive attitudes about volunteerism had more positive perceptions of individuals with disabilities. There was no relationship in Korean-system students between these two variables. Cross-cultural findings and implications for education and social policy are discussed

The Effects of Stereotypical Cues on the Social Categorization and Judgment of Ambiguous-race Targets

The current study was conducted to test the hypotheses that categorization and subsequent judgments of ambiguous-race targets would be affected by contextual stereotypical cues, and moderated by personality traits of the perceiver. Participants viewed a social networking profile of an ambiguous-race individual with Black, White, or neutral stereotypical information presented in a between-subjects design. In accordance with hypotheses, results indicated that the ambiguous-race targets were categorized congruently with the stereotypical information. Additionally, several of the subsequent judgments about the target’s traits differed as a function of this stereotypic information as well as personality traits of the perceiver, such as prejudice level and authoritarianism. Furthermore, ambiguous-race targets were judged less positively overall and more negatively on work-related traits by individuals high in social dominance and authoritarianism. Implications regarding the social categorization literature along with ramifications for multiracial individuals in the real world are discussed

The effects of contextual information in processing race: exploring the nature of the black as fear stereotype

The current research was conducted in order to test the effects of contextual information on the social categorization process and to examine the nature of the Black stereotype. Two studies sought to accomplish these goals by using a modified flanker paradigm in which participants categorized targets as Black or White while context information, determined by emotion words (Experiment 1) or stereotype-related words (Experiment 2), was simultaneously presented. Additionally, participants in each study completed a well-established test of racial bias (weapons task; Payne, 2001) to try to ascertain possible connections between the categorization of racial cues amid distracting context information and automatic and controlled components of racial bias. Behavioral and physiological results indicated that White participants did not process contextual information until later stages of processing and attended first to Black targets and then to White targets. Finally, although not fully supported, there was some preliminary evidence that a stereotype involving fear may be more connected to the Black social category than are other negative stereotypes

The Effect of Parental Smoking on Preadolescents’ Implicit and Explicit Perceptions of Smoking-related Cues

Children of smokers are significantly more likely to experiment with cigarettes and become habitual smokers than children of nonsmokers. The current study examined the effect of parental smoking on children’s implicit and explicit responses toward smoking behavior and smoking-related cues with the goal of identifying potential mechanisms for this relationship. A sample of 8–12-year-old children of smokers (n = 57) and children of nonsmokers (n = 86) completed a dot probe task to assess implicit attentional bias toward smoking cues and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) to assess implicit affective responses to smoking cues. In addition, children indicated their explicit perceptions of smokers and smoking behavior. Results demonstrated that children of smokers showed more sustained implicit attentional bias toward pictures of smoking stimuli presented alone than children of nonsmokers. Overall, participants showed negative implicit affective responses to smoking stimuli regardless of parental smoking. Children of smokers indicated that smokers would experience fewer negative consequences than children of nonsmokers; these relationships were moderated by age. Together, our findings suggest that parental smoking affects the ways that preadolescent children implicitly process smoking cues and their perceptions about smoking and its consequences. These findings help us understand the environmental mechanisms associated with smoking behavior in this vulnerable population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved

Neural Attention and Evaluative Responses to Gay and Lesbian Couples

The goal of the current study was to examine whether differential neural attentional capture and evaluative responses for out-group homosexual relative to in-group heterosexual targets occur during social categorization. To this end, 36 heterosexual participants were presented with pictures of heterosexual and homosexual couples in a picture-viewing task that was designed to assess implicit levels of discomfort toward homosexuality and explicit evaluations of pleasantness toward the images. Neural activity in the form of electroencephalogram was recorded during the presentation of the pictures, and event-related potentials resulting from these stimuli were examined. Participants also completed questionnaires that assessed the degree to which they socialized with gays and lesbians. Results demonstrated that relative to straight couples, larger P2 amplitude was observed in response to gay but not to lesbian couples. However, both gay and lesbian couples yielded a larger late positive potential than straight couples. Moreover, the degree to which participants differentially directed early neural attention to out-group lesbian versus in-group straight couples was related to their familiarity with homosexual individuals. This work, which provides an initial understanding of the neural underpinnings of attention toward homosexual couples, suggests that differences in the processing of sexual orientation can occur as early as 200 ms and may be moderated by familiarity