Intensity ratings during screening and scan sessions on a scale from 0 to 10.

<p>AND = androstadienone; St.dev. = standard deviation.</p

Valence ratings during screening and scan sessions on a scale from −5 to +5.

<p>AND = androstadienone; St.dev. = standard deviation.</p

Main effect analyses for the two odors androstadienone and butanol with one-sample t-tests investigating whole group brain activations in predefined olfactory regions of interest.

*<p> =  statistically significant at p<0.05; FWE  =  family-wise error; L  =  left; R  =  right; ACC  =  anterior cingulate cortex; OFC  =  orbito-frontal cortex; coordinates are in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) brain atlas space.</p

Sex differences in hypothalamus activation.

<p>(A) Hypothalamus activation in women, compared to men (directional t-contrast), who were exposed to the high concentration of androstadienone. (B) Hypothalamus activation in men, compared to women (directional t-contrast), who were exposed to the medium concentration of androstadienone. The color bar depicts the t statistic and image coordinates (x = 2; y = −6; z = 0) are in Montreal Neurological Institute brain atlas space.</p

Contrast values for the three different androstadienone concentrations.

<p>Contrast values were extracted from the hypothalamus (region of interest at MNI coordinates x = 2; y = −6; z = 0, sphere diameter of 8 mm). Contrast values were determined for each of the three androstadienone concentration conditions and depicted separately for men and women. Error bars reflect the 95% confidence interval.</p

One-sample and two-sample t-tests, with directional t-contrasts testing for sex differences in the hypothalamus, separately for the three different androstadienone concentration conditions.

<p>AND = androstadienone; FWE  =  family-wise error; <b>*</b>  =  statistically significant at p<0.05; coordinates are in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) brain atlas space.</p

Androstadienone threshold estimations during the screening session.

<p>Androstadienone threshold estimations during the screening session.</p

Hypothalamus activation for the interaction effect of the factors “group” and “androstadienone concentration”.

<p>F-contrast, testing for group (men and women) differences in hypothalamus activation, dependent on androstadienone concentration condition. The color bar depicts the F statistic and image coordinates (x = 2; y = −6; z = 0) are in Montreal Neurological Institute brain atlas space.</p

Group interaction during positive pictures.

<p>HCs showed more activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left ventral striatum than PRGs. Results are depicted with a threshold of p<0.001 uncorrected. Colour bar represents corresponding T values.</p

Group interaction gamble pictures – neutral pictures.

<p>PRGs showed more activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right ventral striatum, and right anterior cingulate, than HCs. Results are depicted with a threshold of p<0.001 uncorrected to show the extent of activation. Colour bar represents corresponding T values.</p