Fast Tempo Increases Attention: The Effect of Music Tempo on Attention

Music is an inseparable part of daily activities, one of which is student activities. Attention is an effort in mental processes to focus and pay attention to a particular object effectively and selectively. This study aims to see how fast and slow music tempos can affect students' attention, especially during this pandemic. This study used a between-subject design with three groups; One control group and two experimental groups. A total of 36 participants are students. The Concentration Grid Test is used as the measuring instrument. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed a value of p = 0.040, p <0.05. The post-hoc analysis results showed that participants who listened to pop instrumental music with a fast tempo had a significantly higher score than those without music (p=0.042, MD=-1.083) and with a slow tempo (p=0.007, MD=1.583). There was no significant difference between no music with a slow tempo (p=0,229, MD=0,500). This result shows that the music tempo is not distracting and can increase students' attention.Musik menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari aktivitas sehari-hari, salah satunya dalam kegiatan yang dilakukan mahasiswa. Atensi merupakan usaha dalam proses mental yang dilakukan untuk memfokuskan dan memperhatikan suatu objek tertentu secara efektif dan selektif.  Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat bagaimana musik dengan tempo cepat dan lambat mampu memengaruhi atensi mahasiswa, terutama selama masa pandemik. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain between subject dengan tiga kelompok, satu kelompok kontrol dan dua kelompok eksperimen. Partisipan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 36 mahasiswa dan alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Concentration Grid Test. Hasil uji beda pada perhitungan Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan nilai p = 0,040, p < 0,05. Hasil analisis post-hoc menunjukkan bahwa partisipan yang mendengarkan musik pop instrumental dengan tempo cepat memiliki skor yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada tanpa musik (p=0,042, MD=-1.083) dan tempo lambat (p=0.007, MD=1,583), tetapi antara tanpa musik dengan tempo lambat tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,229, MD=0,500). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa tempo musik tidak menjadi sebuah distraksi, melainkan mampu meningkatkan atensi mahasiswa saat melakukan kegiatan kognitif

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We present a picture of the biodiversity of <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpolDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major <it>M. tuberculosis </it>spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS<it>6110 </it>restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpolDB4.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.</p

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

Background: We present a picture of the biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000. Results: A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpoIDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major M. tuberculosis spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpoIDB4. Conclusion: Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.Fil: Candia, Norma. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: López, Beatriz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Zozio, Thierry. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Carrivale, Marcela.ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Diaz, Chyntia. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: Russomando, Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: de Romero, Nilda J. Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Paraguay.Fil: Jara, Juan C. Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis; Paraguay.Fil: Barrera, Lucía. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Rastogi, Nalin. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Ritacco, Viviana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

Background: We present a picture of the biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000. Results: A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpoIDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major M. tuberculosis spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpoIDB4. Conclusion: Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.Fil: Candia, Norma. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: López, Beatriz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Zozio, Thierry. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Carrivale, Marcela.ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Diaz, Chyntia. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: Russomando, Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: de Romero, Nilda J. Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Paraguay.Fil: Jara, Juan C. Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis; Paraguay.Fil: Barrera, Lucía. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Rastogi, Nalin. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Ritacco, Viviana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina

Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the RDRio Genotype Is the Predominant Cause of Tuberculosis and Associated with Multidrug Resistance in Porto Alegre City, South Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) harrison_gomes2_etal_IOC_2013.pdf: 160438 bytes, checksum: eb812b0c3b31487bdc9aa59291b52025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Unidade de Pesquisa em Tuberculose. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Hospital Sanatório Partenon (HSP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital Sanatório Partenon (HSP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital Sanatório Partenon (HSP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Fundação Universidade de Rio Grande. Rio Grande, RS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Universidade Luterana do Brazil (ULBRA/RS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Spoligotyping has shown Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to be composed of different lineages, and some of them are not just geographically restricted but also affect specific ethnic populations and are associated with outbreaks and drug resistance. We recently described a particular subtype within the Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) family, called RDRio, widespread in Brazil. Moreover, recent data also indicate that RDRio is present in many countries on all continents and is associated with cavitary disease and multidrug resistance (MDR). To further explore the relationship between RDRio and MDR, we conducted a study in a tuberculosis (TB) reference center responsible for the care of MDR patients in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. From a collection of 237 clinical isolates, RDRio alone was responsible for one-half of all MDR cases, including one large group composed of strains with identical IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and having the LAM5 signature. We additionally had complete data records for 96 patients and could make comparisons between the presence and absence of RDRio. No difference in clinical, radiological or laboratory features was observed, but a significantly greater number of cases with MDR were described in patients infected with an RDRio strain (P 0.0015). Altogether, RDRio was responsible for 38% of all TB cases. These data support and confirmed previous findings that RDRio is the main agent responsible for TB in Brazil and is associated with drug resistance. Considering that RDRio is a globally distributed genotype, such findings raise concern about the increase in MDR in certain human populations