Reinkes'edema: immunoexpression study of fibronectin, laminin and colagen IV in 60 cases by imunohistochemical techniques

SummaryReinke's edema is chronic laryngeal disease in which the superficial layer of the lamina propria is expanded by thick mucus, giving it a gelatin aspect. The disease is directly related to smoking and more frequent in women, who end up having a lower tone of voice. Its histological characteristics cannot always distinguish it from other benign lesions of the larynx for which additional histological techniques are necessary.Aimto study the immunoexpression of fibronectin, collagen IV and laminin in Reinke's edema by immunohistochemical technique. Prospective study.Materials and methodshistological blocks of 60 cases of surgical Reinke's edema were saved, submitted to new cross-sections and to immunohistochemical reactions for fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV by the Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase method. Fragments of five normal vocal folds were used as control, removed during autopsy. All patients were chronic smokers and adults– 50 women and 10 men.Resultsthe immunoexpression of fibronectin, collagen IV and laminin was more important in the endothelium of blood vessels (68.33%, 76.66%, 73.33%, respectively) and less relevant in the basement membrane (25.0%, 5.0% and 3.3%, respectively).Conclusionsthe immunoexpression of fibronectin, laminin and of collagen IV in the basal membrane of Reinke's edema was not relevant, with a predominance of these antibodies in the endothelium of blood vessels

Clinical, histological and electron microscopic aspects of vocal fold granulomas

SummaryGranulomas are bilateral and pediculated lesions of the vocal apophysis. Etiologies: intubation, reflux, trauma, vocal abuse, idiopathic origin. Aim: To analyze the clinical and morphological aspects of post intubation granulomas. Methods: retrospective study of patients submitted to microsurgery for post intubation laryngeal granulomas seen at our Medical School starting in 2002. We analyzed: age, gender, indication and time of intubation, symptoms, videolaryngoscopic diagnosis and biopsy findings. Light microscopy was performed on all specimens, and electron microscopy on three of them. Results: ten patients (7 females and 3 males), between the ages of 2 and 72 years, intubation time between 4h and 21 days. Hoarseness was a frequent symptom, starting in the first week following extubation. Histology shows mild epithelial hyperplasia, severe inflammation and vessel proliferation in the corion. Under SEM, the epithelium presented mild superficial desquamation. Under TEM, intracellular junctions showed widening with structural changes in the desmosomes. In the corion there were vessel proliferations, inflammation and fibroblasts with structural alterations. Conclusions: post intubation granulomas appear in any age and hoarseness is a frequent symptom. Morphological alterations occur in the corion as vessel proliferations, inflammation, and intracytoplasmatic alterations in fibroblasts suggesting cellular dysfunction and damage

Papel protetor da laringe e da traquéia proximal na prevenção de lesões epiteliais causadas pela inalação de gases condicionados: estudo experimental em cães

Durante a inspiração, grande parte da umidade e do calor é incorporada ao ar durante sua passagem pelas fossas nasais e rinofaringe. Entretanto, quando as fossas nasais estão impedidas de participar do condicionamento dos gases como no paciente respirador bucal, traqueotomizado, sob intubação traqueal ou laringectomizado, os demais segmentos das vias aéreas passam a atuar mais ativamente na tarefa do condicionamento. Vários autores têm constatado lesões na mucosa respiratória frente à inalação de gases secos e frios. Estudos experimentais morfológicos do epitélio respiratório demonstraram importantes alterações, como áreas de completa desorganização e agrupamentos dos cílios, além de zonas de devastação. Em pesquisa experimental prévia, foi quantificada e constatada a participação ativa do segmento laringotraqueal no condicionamento dos gases inalados, quando se utiliza a máscara laríngea na manutenção da permeabilidade da via aérea. Entretanto, nesse estudo, a necessidade de monitoramento constante da temperatura e da umidade do ar inalado e traqueal exigia manipulação freqüente da traquéia cervical, o que inviabilizou a realização de estudo morfológico complementar do epitélio respiratório. Objetivo: analisar, no cão, por meio de estudo morfológico, o papel protetor da laringe e da traquéia proximal na prevenção de lesões epiteliais, causadas pela inalação de gases pouco condicionados. Material e Métodos: A pesquisa recebeu aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Experimentação Animal sob o protocolo de no 442/04. Doze cães adultos foram submetidos à anestesia venosa com pentobarbital sódico e ventilação mecânica, com alto fluxo de gases frescos, em sistema sem reabsorção de CO2, durante 3 horas. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais, dependendo do dispositivo utilizado para a manutenção da via aérea: GrupoTT – tubo traqueal e Grupo ML – máscara laríngea.During inhalation, moisture and heat is incorporated to the air in its passage through the nose and rhinopharynx. However, when the nose doesn’t participate in gas conditioning, such as in mouth-breathing, tracheotomized, intubated or laryngectomized patients, other segments of the airways participate more actively in the conditioning task. Lesions in the respiratory mucosa have been detected due to the inhalation of dry and cold air. Morphologic studies of the respiratory epithelium have shown important alterations, such disorganization, ciliary clusters and devastation. In a previous experimental study, we were verified and quantified the active participation of the laryngotracheal segment in the conditioning of inhaled gases, using laryngeal mask airway for maintaining airway permeability. However the need of constant controlling of the temperature and moisture of the gases required frequent handling of the cervical trachea, and did not permit a complementary morphologic study of the respiratory epithelium. Objective: to study the protective function of the larynx and proximal trachea in dogs, preventing epithelial lesions caused by the inhalation of poor conditioned gases. Material and Methods: the study was approved by the ethics committee for animal experimentation under registration number 442/04. Twelve adult dogs were submitted to venous anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital and mechanical ventilation in a system without CO2 resorption for three hours. The animals were distributed into two experimental groups, depending on the tube used for airway maintenance: Group TT – tracheal tube and Group ML – laryngeal mask airway. Hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure, heart rate), ventilatory parameters (respiratory rate, current volume, peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, PETCO2, inspiratory pressure), tympanic temperature, temperature, relative and absolute moisture of the ambient and inhaled gases were analyzed.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

A lei seca cumpriu sua meta em reduzir acidentes relacionados à ingestão excessiva de álcool?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the Brazilian Driving Dry Law reached its goal after the three years following its enactment. METHODS: We onnducted a retrospective study of patients with craniofacial fractures who underwent surgery at a university hospital in two periods: before the Law (2005 to 2008) and after the Law (2008 to 2011). RESULTS: 265 patients (220 men and 45 women) were operated on during this period, 149 (56%) before and 116 (44%) after the Law, which indicates a reduction in the number of traumatisms (p=0.04). The age range between 19 and 40 years predominated in both periods. The main causes of traumas were car accidents, physical aggression and falls. Alcohol abuse was identified in 15.4% patients before and 19% patients after the enactment. The jaw and the maxillo-zygomatic complex were the most affected bones. CONCLUSION: The drop in the number of polytraumatized patients operated on at this institution in the three years following the Driving Dry Law was 22%, which is below the expected and desired percentage. These results must be compared to those of different services offering the same attendance type in order to compile data and enlarge statistics. The low index of reduction in the number of traumatisms and the report of alcohol abuse by several patients at the moment of trauma, even after the law, evidence the need of adopting stricter measures to control and punish violators.OBJETIVO: avaliar se a Lei Seca cumpriu sua meta após três anos da promulgação. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo dos pacientes com fraturas craniofaciais submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital universitário, em dois períodos: antes (2005 a 2008) e após a implantação da lei (2008 a 2011). RESULTADOS:foram operados 265 pacientes (220 homens e 45 mulheres) nesse período sendo, 149 (56%) antes da lei e 116 (44%) após a lei, indicando redução no número de traumatismos (p=0,04). Houve predomínio da faixa etária entre 19 e 40 anos, em ambos os períodos. As principais causas dos traumas foram os acidentes automobilísticos, as agressões físicas e as quedas. O abuso de álcool foi identificado em 15,4% dos pacientes antes e 19% após a lei. A mandíbula e o complexo maxilozigomático foram os ossos mais acometidos. CONCLUSÃO:a redução no número de politraumatizados operados ficou aquém do esperado e almejado

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Tongue, Pharynx, and Larynx of Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Objective. To examine, by using scanning electron microscopy, the surface of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx of animals exposed to tobacco.Study Design. Experimental study.Methods. Twenty rats were allocated to two groups: group I, control group: 10 rats not exposed to any inhaling pollutant and group II, tobacco group: 10 rats exposed to smoke from 10 cigarettes twice a day for 260 days. Animals of both groups had no restriction of food or water. After those 260 days, their aerodigestive segment was removed, and fragments of their tongue, hypopharynx, and right vocal fold were immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and prepared for scanning electron microscopy.Results. The filiform tongue papillae of the tobacco group were irregularly displayed, flattened, and adhered to each other. The hypopharynx mucosa was highly irregular, thickened, rough and had increased superficial peeling. The mucosa of the vocal folds had deep furrows surrounding the cells. These alterations were not identified for the control group.Conclusion. Several changes were recorded for the tongue, pharynx, and larynx of tobacco group animals, confirming the harmful effects of smoking to the respiratory and digestive epithelium.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway Alterações morfológicas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados, sob ventilação com tubo traqueal ou máscara laríngea

PURPOSE: To study morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube (ET) or laryngeal mask airway (LMA). METHODS: Twelve dogs randomly were allocated to two groups: ET group (n-6) and LMA group (n-6), anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated, without CO2 reabsorption. Haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters, tympanic temperature, temperature, relative and absolute humidity of the ambient and inhaled gases were analyzed during three hours. The animals were submitted to euthanasia and biopsies were carried out along the tracheal segment to morphological study. Three healthy dogs were used to morphological control. RESULTS: Inhaled gas temperature was maintained between 24ºC and 26ºC, relative humidity between 10% and 12%, and absolute humidity between 2 - 3 mg H2O.L-1 with no significant differences between groups. In both groups, histological analysis showed epithelial inflammation and congestion in the corion and scanning electron microscopy showed ciliary grouping and disorganization. Transmission electron microscopy showed higher alterations in ET group than LMA group as widening of cell junctions, ciliary disorientation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear abnormalities, picnosis and chromatin condensation. CONCLUSION: LMA determined less pronounced changes in the tracheal epithelium in dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases.<br>OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações morfológicas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados, sob ventilação com tubo traqueal (TT) ou máscara laríngea (ML). MÉTODOS: Doze cães adultos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo TT (n-6) e grupo ML (n-6), submetidos à anestesia venosa e ventilação mecânica, em sistema sem reabsorção de CO2. Foram registrados parâmetros hemodinâmicos e ventilatórios, temperatura timpânica, temperatura, umidade relativa e absoluta do ar ambiente e dos gases inalados durante 3 horas. Ao término do experimento, os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia e realizadas biópsias ao longo do segmento traqueal para estudo morfológico. Três cães saudáveis foram utilizados para controle morfológico. RESULTADOS: A temperatura dos gases inalados manteve-se entre 24ºC e 26ºC, a umidade relativa entre 10% e 12%, e umidade absoluta entre 2 -3 mg H2O.L-1 sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. Em ambos os grupos a análise histológica evidenciou processo inflamatório epitelial e congestão no córion, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou agrupamento e desorganização ciliar. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão detectou maiores alterações no grupo TT do que no ML, como alargamento das junções intercelulares, desorientação ciliar, vacuolização citoplasmática, alterações nucleares como pcinose e condensação da cromatina. CONCLUSÃO: A máscara laríngea determinou alterações menos pronunciadas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados