ACUTE EFFECT OF VAPING ON OXYGEN SATURATION LEVEL, BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE RATE

developed a substitution for traditional cigarettes, an electronic alternative cigarettes called Vaporizer, first entered the U.S market in 2007. Vaping are becoming an alternative choice for many smoker because of their ppearance , sense , and flavor compared to traditional cigarettes. Both of e-cigarette and conventional cigarette delivers nicotine aside from nicotine , propylene glycol and glycerin are the basic ingredients of the solution that vaporizer device use to make the aerosol. There was also increasing of vape user among the students in Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine, and it was increasing by time, and that is one of the reason, why this research is arranged. The type of design used in this research is quasi experimental where every subject will be their own control. Observation of the result variable will be done before and after the treatment. The population and sample of this research are from medical students of Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine, where the subject is a vape user. Total sampling was used to determine the amount of the sample . This research is using pulse oximetry as the tool to measure the oxygen saturation level (SpO2). Oxygen aturation will be measured before and after the subject vape for a short time. Extra data is also observed including pulse rate and blood pressure. Pulse rate was measured also using pulse oximetry, while the blood pressure was measured using mechanical sphygmomanometer. The data then analysed using SPSS and presented in tables. This research found that there was a decrease on SpO2 level after vaping in a short time, after statistically analysed with the p value 0.019 meaning that there was a significant change. While in medical view small change of value does not always give a meaningful effect. And there was also an increase of pulse rate and blood pressure, the p value for pulse rate is 0.042 meaning that there was a significant change. For the blood pressure there was significant change for the systolic pressure with the p value 0.001, while there was no change in the diastolic pressure with the p value 0.108. This esearch conclude that , vaping in a short time could give acute effect on SpO2 level and also on pulse rate and blood pressure. It have possibility to give an adverse effect to health, though not always a significant change by tatistical result have a meaningful interpretation in medical point of view. Further research regarding vape need to be established for a better understanding

The roles of trimethylamine-N-oxide in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic aspect: A literature review

Current research supports the evidence that the gut microbiome (GM), which consist of gut microbiota and their biologically active metabolites, is associated with atherosclerosis development. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by the GM through trimethylamine (TMA) oxidation, significantly enhances the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. TMAO promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells, leading to vascular dysfunction and plaque formation. Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), iodomethylcholine (IMC) and fluoromethylcholine (FMC) have been recognized for their ability to reduce plasma TMAO by inhibiting trimethylamine lyase, a bacterial enzyme involved in the choline cleavage anaerobic process, thus reducing TMA formation. Conversely, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and trigonelline inhibit TMA oxidation by inhibiting flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3), resulting in reduced plasma TMAO. The combined use of inhibitors of choline trimethylamine lyase and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 could provide novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention by stabilizing existing atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to present the current evidence of the roles of TMA/TMAO in atherosclerosis as well as its potential therapeutic prevention aspects

Long-term systolic blood pressure variability independent of mean blood pressure is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events:A systematic review and meta-analysis

The association between long-term systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes after being adjusted with mean blood pressure (BP) is questionable. This systematic review aims to evaluate the associations between mean BP adjusted long-term SBPV and CV outcomes. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct on January 4, 2023. A total of 9,944,254 subjects from 43 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Long-term SBPV increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.21 [95%CI 1.16-1.25], I2=100%), CV mortality (HR 1.10 [95%CI 1.07-11.4], I2 = 90%), MACE (HR 1.10 [1.07-1.13], I2 = 91%), cerebrovascular stroke (HR 1.22 [1.16-1.29], I2=100%), and myocardial infarction (HR 1.13 [95%CI (1.07-1.19)], I2=91%). European populations generally had higher risk compared to other continents. In conclusion, long-term SBPV is associated with all-cause mortality, CV mortality, MACE, MI, and stroke. Poor outcomes related to long-term SBPV seem more dominated by cerebrovascular than coronary events.</p

Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of cardiac myxoma:A meta-analysis of worldwide experience

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor. However, existing literature mainly consists of single-center experiences with limited subjects. This systematic review aimed to provide data on clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of cardiac myxoma. We performed a thorough literature search on May 23, 2023 on PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were English full-text, observational studies, and included &gt;20 subjects. From the search, 112 studies with a total of 8150 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 51 years (95 % confidence interval [95%CI] = 49.1–52.3), and the majority were females (64.3 % [95 % CI = 62.8–65.8 %]). The most common clinical manifestation was cardiovascular symptoms. Echocardiography can diagnose almost all cases (98.1 % [95 % CI = 95.8–99.6 %]). Cardiac myxoma was mostly prevalent in left atrium (85.3 % [95%CI = 83.3–87 %]) and predominantly with pedunculated morphology (75.6 % [95%CI = 64.1–84.3 %]). Post-tumor excision outcomes were excellent, with an early mortality of 1.27 % (95 % CI = 0.8–1.8 %), late mortality rate of 4.7 (95 % CI = 2.5–7.4) per 1000 person-years, and recurrence rate at 0.5 (95 % CI = 0.0–1.1) per 1000 person-years. Tumor excision is warranted in a timely manner once the cardiac myxoma diagnosis is established.</p