Baseline Characteristics of HIV-Infected Homeless and Marginally Housed Men living in San Francisco, CA, USA, 2002–2008 (N = 288).

<p><>\vskip-2\scale60%\raster="rg1"<>Access to a bathroom, place to wash, clothing, food and a safe place to sleep.</p>‡<p>Asthma, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure or emphysema.</p>◊<p>Out of 100 where a higher score indicates better health.</p

Ranked Influence of a Unit Increase in Competing Needs during the past 90 Days on the Overall <b>Physical Health</b> (Score 0–100)^* of HIV-Positive Homeless and Unstably housed Men, 2002–2008 (N = 288)^‡.

*<p>SF-36 Physical Health Composite Score (PCS) in which a higher score indicates better health.</p>‡<p>Each line represents a separate model in which a single main linear effect is estimated, adjusting for the potential confounding of all other significant study variables.</p

Characteristics of ACTG 5221 (A5221) Study Population.

<p>Characteristics of ACTG 5221 (A5221) Study Population.</p

PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells in response to TB treatment.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative plot showing the gating scheme used to identify PD-1, CTLA-4, and 2B4 expression on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells. Single, live, CD3⁺, CD4⁺ cells were gated for CD27 and CD45RO. The naïve CD4 T cell population was identified (CD27⁺CD45RO^-) and selected to set gates for PD-1, CTLA-4 and 2B4 as this population typically does not express inhibitory molecules. These gates were then applied to PPD-specific and total CD4 T-cell populations. <b>B.</b> Expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, and 2B4 on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease. <b>C.</b> Correlation between baseline CD4 T-cell count and frequency of PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease. Lines of best fit, along with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and corresponding p-values are shown <b>D.</b> Expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, and 2B4 on CMV-specific CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease in our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. <b>E</b>. Expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, and 2B4 on total CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease in our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. <b>F</b>. Bar graph depicts the co-expression patterns of PD-1, CTLA-4, and 2B4 on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease in our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. To assess expression of inhibitory molecules on PPD and CMV-specific CD4 T-cells, only samples with at least 50 cytokine positive cells and 2-fold higher responses than negative control samples were included to allow for a statistically valid analysis. * denotes p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. $denotes p<0.05,$ $p<0.01,$ $$ p<0.001 by Mann-Whitney test.</p

TB therapy alters maturation phenotype of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative example of differentiation marker expression on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells. PPD-specific CD4 T-cells (red dots) are overlaid onto density plots of CD27 and CD45RO and CD27 and CD57, gated on total CD4 T-cells. <b>B.</b> Frequency of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells expressing CD27⁺CD45RO⁺ (CM), CD27^-CD45RO⁺ (EM), and CD57⁺ (TD) phenotypes. <b>C.</b> Correlation between baseline CD4 T-cell count and frequency of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells expressing CM and TD phenotypes in untreated and treated TB disease. Lines of best fit, along with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and corresponding p-values are shown <b>D.</b> Frequency of CMV-specific CD4 T-cells expressing CM, EM, and TD phenotypes in our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. <b>E.</b> Frequency of naïve, CM, EM, and TD subsets on total CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease in our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. To assess maturation phenotype on PPD and CMV-specific CD4 T-cells, only samples with at least 50 cytokine positive cells and 2-fold higher responses than negative control samples were included to allow for a statistically valid analysis. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used for paired comparisons (HIV-TB cohort) while the Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze unpaired data (TB cohort and comparisons between cohorts). * denotes p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. $denotes p<0.05,$ $p<0.01,$ $$ p<0.001 by Mann-Whitney test.</p

TB therapy alters the functional profile of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative plot showing the gating scheme used to identify cytokine/chemokine positive cells. Single, live, CD3⁺, CD4⁺ T cells were gated for CD27 and CD45RO to identify the total CD4 memory population. Cytokine/chemokine gates were then applied to the total CD4 memory population to identify cytokine/chemokine positive cells. <b>B.</b> Total frequency of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and MIP-1β produced by memory CD4 T-cells in untreated and treated TB disease within our HIV-TB and TB cohorts. Background cytokine/chemokine production from the negative control sample was subtracted. <b>C.</b> Pie graph displaying the proportion of cytokine/chemokine⁺ CD4 T-cells producing all 4 cytokines/chemokines (light grey wedge) or any combination of 3 cytokines/chemokines (medium gray), 2 cytokines/chemokines (dark grey), or a single cytokine/chemokine (black wedge) in untreated and treated TB disease. The bar graph depicts the relative contribution of each cytokine/chemokine producing subset to the overall PPD-specific CD4 T-cell response. “G” denotes IFN-γ, “2” denotes IL-2, “T” denotes TNF-α, and “M” denotes MIP-1β. For all bar graphs bars represent the interquartile range (IQR), horizontal lines denote the median, and whiskers the 10^th and 90^th percentiles. Solid bars represent our HIV-TB cohort, patterned bars represent our TB cohort. Light gray represents untreated TB disease while dark gray represents treated TB disease. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test for paired data (HIV-TB cohort) and the Mann-Whitney test for unpaired data (TB cohort or comparisons between cohorts).* denotes p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. $denotes p<0.05,$ $p<0.01,$ $$ p<0.001 by Mann-Whitney test.</p

Participant Demographics and Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control.

<p>Participant Demographics and Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control.</p

Predictors of Hypertension in multivariable analysis.

<p>Predictors of Hypertension in multivariable analysis.</p

Predictors of Composite Adverse Obstetric/Fetal Outcome¹, Univariate and Multivariate Analysis.

1<p>Composite adverse obstetric/fetal outcome includes any of the following: low birth weight, SGA, stunting, wasting, underweight, preterm delivery, and fetal death.</p>2<p>Adjusted odds ratio using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for all variables listed in table.</p>3<p>Per kg increment in maternal weight at 7 months gestation.</p>4<p>Indicator variable for household being in the upper quartile of either the first or second component of the SES principal component analysis based on possession of a radio, telephone, television, motorcycle, bicycle or none of the above.</p><p>OR: Odds Ratio.</p><p>P: p-value.</p><p>aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio.</p><p>95% CI: Confidence Interval.</p

Baseline Characteristics of Women at Enrollment (n = 158)^1,2.

1<p>Data are from entire sample (n = 158) unless otherwise noted.</p>2<p>All data are represented as n (%) unless otherwise noted.</p><p>IQR: Interquartile range.</p><p>SE: standard error.</p><p>BMI: Body mass index (kg/m²).</p