Additional file 7: Figure S4. of Characterizing gene-gene interactions in a statistical epistasis network of twelve candidate genes for obesity

Null distribution of dyadicity values of TMEM18 from 1000 permuted networks. Null distribution of dyadicity values of TMEM18 from 1000 permuted networks. The red line indicates the observed heterophilicity value of TMEM18 within the real data network. (PDF 12 kb

An <i>FTO</i> Gene Variant Moderates the Association between Parental Restriction and Child BMI

<div><p>Objective</p><p>This study aimed to explore whether a common variant in the <i>FTO</i> gene moderates the relationship between parental restriction and child BMI.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study reports on baseline data from 178 parent-child (ages 9–10 years) dyads. Parents completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire and reported on socio-demographic characteristics. Each child’s height, weight and <i>FTO</i> rs9939609 genotype was assessed. Ordinary least squares regression was used to fit the child’s BMI-percentile on parental restriction and the child’s <i>FTO</i> genotype, adjusted for covariates. A likelihood ratio test was used to compare a model with and without a multiplicative interaction term between restriction and genotype.</p><p>Results</p><p>Most participants (93.3%) were white, non-Hispanic. Twenty-three percent of children were overweight/obese and <i>FTO</i> genotype was associated with weight status. Mean parental restriction was statistically higher among overweight/obese vs. normal weight children: 3.3 (SD 0.8) vs. 2.8 (SD 1.0); t-test p-value = 0.002. Parental restriction was positively associated with child BMI-percentile and BMI-z only among children with two copies of the high-risk <i>FTO</i> allele (p for interaction = 0.02), where each one-point increase in parental restriction was associated with a 14.7 increase in the child’s BMI-percentile or a 0.56-point increase in the child’s BMI z-score.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>For only the children with two high-risk alleles, parental restriction was positively associated with child BMI-percentile.</p></div

Correlation between parental restriction and the child's BMI-percentile overall and stratified by the child's <i>FTO</i> genotype¹.

<p>Correlation between parental restriction and the child's BMI-percentile overall and stratified by the child's <i>FTO</i> genotype<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155521#t002fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Adjusted associations between child, parent and household characteristics with the child’s BMI-percentile or BMI z-score¹^,².

<p>Adjusted associations between child, parent and household characteristics with the child’s BMI-percentile or BMI z-score<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155521#t003fn002" target="_blank">¹</a>^,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155521#t003fn003" target="_blank">²</a>.</p

Bivariate associations of the child’s BMI-percentile and BMI z-score with child, parent household characteristics and child’s <i>FTO</i> genotype.

<p>Bivariate associations of the child’s BMI-percentile and BMI z-score with child, parent household characteristics and child’s <i>FTO</i> genotype.</p

Mean child BMI-percentile by parental restriction, stratified by the child’s <i>FTO</i> genotype.

<p>Among 178 normal, overweight or obese children enrolled in a media study. Parental restriction dichotomized at the median value (1.0–2.8 vs. 2.9–5.0). Mean scores compared by median using Student’s t-tests.</p

The proportion of children with any recall of food after seeing fast-food television advertising, by company (McDonalds, Burger King) and ad type (children’s, adult).

<p>Any recall of food presented as the proportion of all children (N = 100) who used one or more food related word when describing an ad; proportions are presented with 95% confidence intervals. For each restaurant, any recall of food was compared by ad type with McNemar’s Chi-Square test to account for the repeated measures on each child.</p

The proportion of children with any recall of 1) a premium/tie-in, 2) any food, or 3) healthy food after seeing fast-food television advertising targeted to children, by company (McDonalds, Burger King).

<p>Any recall of food presented as the proportion of all children (N = 100) who used one or more food related word when describing an ad; proportions are presented with 95% confidence intervals. For each restaurant, any recall of food was compared by ad type with McNemar’s Chi-Square test to account for the repeated measures on each child.</p

Amount of variation of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic exposure explained by diet among children versus adults.

<p>Abbreviations: DMA, dimethylarsinic acid; MMA, monomethylarsonic acid.</p>a<p>: base model covariates include age (continuous, years), sex, body mass index (continuous, for children Z-score and kg/m² for adults), serum cotinine (continuous, µg/L), and age of home (built before 1978 versus after 1978).</p>b<p>: further adjusted for employment status (not working versus part- or full-time).</p>c<p>: dietary data includes the 49 foods and water variables as independent variables (10 g/day).</p>d<p>: further adjusted for urinary creatinine (continuous, mg/dL) to account for urinary dilution.</p>e<p>: excludes arsenobetaine and arsenocholine.</p><p>Amount of variation of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic exposure explained by diet among children versus adults.</p

Percent change in lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic biomarker concentrations based on an increase of 10 grams of food per day among children versus adults.

<p>All models adjusted for age (continuous, years), sex, body mass index (continuous, Z-score for children and kg/m² for adults), serum cotinine (continuous, µg/L), and age of home (built before 1978 versus after 1978) and all other dietary sources in table (continuous, 10 g/day). Urinary biomarker models further adjusted for urinary creatinine (continuous, mg/dL) to account for urinary dilution and models restricted to adults also adjusted for employment status (not working versus full- or part-time). Abbreviations: DMA, dimethylarsinic acid; MMA, monomethylarsonic acid; FDR, false discovery rate.</p