Observation of intraseasonal oscillation of 64 day in the ionospheric sporadic E layers using Indian MST Radar, SABER / TIMED instrument and Ionosonde present at Gadanki(13.5 N,79.2 E)

15th MST Radar WorkshopSession M6: Middle atmosphere dynamics and structureMay 30 (Tue), Poster Sessio

Additional file 10: Figure S5. of Perilipin-2 modulates dietary fat-induced microbial global gene expression profiles in the mouse intestine

Diet-based comparisons of enzyme expression in pantothenate pathway. Two comparisons are shown: (A) Plin2-HF vs. Plin2-LF and (B) WT-HF vs. WT-LF. Circular nodes indicate enzymes, with size indicating relative difference in expression between sample types and color indicating direction of change (see inset key). Associated heatmaps indicate global changes in expression for each enzyme, in addition to taxon-specific changes in expression for each of the 17 defined taxa colored according to phylum. The following abbreviations are used: 5,6-dh-uracil (5,6-dihydro-uracil), N-cm-β-alanine (N-carbamoyl-β-alanine), N-pt-Cys (N-pantothenoyl-cysteine), and (R)-4′-P-pt-L-Cys ((R)-4′-phospho-pantothenoyl-l-cysteine. (PDF 1119 kb

Additional file 8: Figure S3. of Perilipin-2 modulates dietary fat-induced microbial global gene expression profiles in the mouse intestine

Comparison of glycolysis pathway enzyme expression between sample types. Three comparisons are shown: (A) Plin2-LF vs. WT-LF; (B) Plin2-HF vs. Plin2-LF; (C) WT-HF vs. WT-LF. Circular nodes indicate enzymes, with size indicating relative difference in expression between sample types and color indicating direction of change (see inset key). Associated heatmaps indicate global changes in expression for each enzyme, in addition to taxon-specific changes in expression for each of the 17 defined taxa colored according to phylum. (PDF 1138 kb

Bacterial taxa in animals treated with SCFAs.

<p>Rats were divided into eight groups and were left untreated (n = 6); administered KRV only (n = 6); or administered KRV plus 250 mM of butyrate (n = 6), formate (n = 6), or propionate (n = 6); or butyrate (n = 6), formate (n = 4), or propionate (n = 3) only. Fecal DNA was extracted from feces collected on day 5 post-infection and analyzed for bacterial composition. Panel A: Stacked bar chart of median percent counts of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) representing bacterial genera with a frequency of ≥1% of total counts in fecal samples from rats treated with SCFAs as indicated in the figure using Protocol 1 as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0183786#pone.0183786.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. Panel B: Results of PERMANOVA tests across all treatment groups (under the “Overall” heading) and pairs of treatment groups (table). Panel C: The PCA scores are displayed for each sample. The different colors and shapes correspond to the various treatment groups as indicated in the figure and described in <i>Materials and Methods</i>. Vectors corresponding to the indicated top 10 genera with the highest loadings are displayed. The magnitude and direction correspond to the weights. Panel D: The distribution of Sobs and Shannon diversity indices across groups. The area inside each box represents the interquartile range (IQR: 25th to 75th percentiles), the median is denoted by a line. The whiskers extend 1.5 IQR from the box, the observations outside of this range are displayed as points.</p

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Perilipin-2 modulates dietary fat-induced microbial global gene expression profiles in the mouse intestine

Expression values (RPKM) for each of the 57,736 transcripts identified across all samples. (XLSX 35991 kb

Additional file 14: Figure S8. of Perilipin-2 modulates dietary fat-induced microbial global gene expression profiles in the mouse intestine

Rarefaction analysis of annotated mRNA reads. Recovery of species (A) and enzymes (B) with increasing numbers of annotated mRNA reads (reads mapped to known transcripts) indicate that sequencing depth for each sample was sufficient to recover the vast majority of species and enzymes present within each of the 16 samples. Rarefaction analysis was performed using R. (PDF 16825 kb

T and B cell frequencies and numbers in the Peyer’s patches from LEW1.WR1 rats treated with SCFAs.

<p>Rats were treated with SCFAs and were infected with KRV using Protocol 1. On day 5, cells from the Peyer’s patches were harvested, counted, and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs directed against CD4, CD25, Foxp3, and CD45R, followed by flow cytometry analysis. Panel A includes representative histograms of lymphocyte subsets in the Peyer’s patches from rats treated with sodium butyrate. The shaded areas show staining with the isotype control. The frequency of cells stained is indicated in the upper right corner. Data shown in Panel B represent the frequency and cell number of the indicated subsets found in Peyer’s patches from individual rats. The lines in Panel B represent the mean and SD. The numbers in brackets indicate the animal number. Statistical analyses were performed using an ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison adjustments. *<i>p</i> < 0.001; **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Perilipin-2 modulates dietary fat-induced microbial global gene expression profiles in the mouse intestine

Principal component analysis for four data types (Taxa, Enzymes, Significant Differentially Expressed Transcripts and Metabolic Pathways). With each plot, p values (< 0.05) are provided indicating significant differences in clustering between each of the four pairwise comparisons. (PDF 912 kb

Median abundance of bacterial communities in LEW1.WR1 rats treated with SCFAs.

<p>Median abundance of bacterial communities in LEW1.WR1 rats treated with SCFAs.</p

Kaplan-Meier analysis of virus-induced T1D in LEW1.WR1 rats treated with SCFAs.

<p>LEW1.WR1 rat breeders were treated with 250 mM of the various SCFAs beginning at the age of 6 weeks prior to any pregnancy (Protocol 1). The offspring were injected with 1 x 10⁷ PFU of KRV at 21–25 days of age and continued to receive SCFAs after weaning for 40 days following virus inoculation as shown in Fig 1A. A second animal group was injected with KRV and treated with 250 mM of sodium butyrate in the drinking water beginning at weaning (Protocol 2). Another group was administered with KRV only. Diabetes was defined as the presence of plasma glucose concentrations >250 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/L) on 2 consecutive days. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method as shown in Fig 1B. Statistical analyses among groups were performed using the log rank test (<i>p</i> = 0.001 for formate; <i>p</i> = 0.005 for propionate; and <i>p</i> = 0.006 for butyrate versus KRV only). Shown are paraffin sections of hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections of pancreatic tissue isolated from uninfected control rats, KRV-infected rats at 21 days following infection (insulitis), KRV- plus SCFA-treated animals at 40 days following infection as indicated, and KRV-infected rats at diabetes onset (Panel C).</p