Association between body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height z-scores with age adjusted risk factor measures for boys (n = 2064) and girls (n = 2191).

<p>NS: non-significant.</p

Sex and age^a-specific optimal criterion for body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio derived from logistic regression equations.

<p>Sex and age<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149351#t006fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>-specific optimal criterion for body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio derived from logistic regression equations.</p

Logistic regression model and respective discriminative capability for the physical independence predictors by age category and sex

<p>Logistic regression model and respective discriminative capability for the physical independence predictors by age category and sex</p

Participants’ demographic characteristics [mean (95% confident intervals)].

<p>Participants’ demographic characteristics [mean (95% confident intervals)].</p

Standardized Coefficients [β (95% confident interval)] for the association between body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio with composite z-score by sex and composite z-score percentiles

<p>Standardized Coefficients [β (95% confident interval)] for the association between body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio with composite z-score by sex and composite z-score percentiles</p

Odds-ratio for increased cardiometabolic composite z-score (>1SD) according to body mass index and waist-to-height ratio for boys (n = 2064) and girls (n = 2191).

<p>*WHtR categories were defined to categorize the same proportion of children/adolescents as the BMI categories [overweight, boys (P69): 0.45; girls (P72): 0.46; Obese, boys (P87): 0.50, girls (P91): 0.52].</p

Caffeine Intake, Short Bouts of Physical Activity, and Energy Expenditure: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Trial

<div><p>PA energy expenditure (PAEE) is the most variable component of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) and largely due to the balance of sedentary time (SedT) and low intensity physical activity (LIPA). There has been an emergence for seeking an understanding of factors which determine variations in SedT, LIPA, and PAEE. Sedentary behavior and physical activity are relatively resistant to change by experimental dietary treatments and significant body weight changes. Although caffeine (Caf) is by far the most heavily used nutritional agent ingested to promote a sense of vigor/alertness, it is still unknown if Caf is effective in increasing PAEE and physical activity. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that 2 daily doses of Caf (as a capsule to blind the treatment and divided equally during breakfast and lunch) increase PAEE and TEE, and it would do so through increasing the frequent and brief bouts of physical activity (~1-5 min long) through the day as measured by accelerometry. In 21 low Caf users (<100 mg day^-1), we used a double-blind crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.govID;NCT01477294) with two conditions (4-day each with a 3-day washout period) randomly ordered as 5 mg kg^-1 day^-1 of Caf and maltodextrin as placebo (Plc). Resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry, total energy expenditure (TEE) from doubly labeled water, PAEE calculated as TEE-(REE+0.1TEE), and accelerometry measurements of both LIPA and MVPA were not different between conditions. However, regardless of caffeine or placebo, there were several significant relationships between brief bouts of LIPA and MVPA with PAEE. In conclusion, this double-blind study found that low and moderate-vigorous activity as well as the total volume of PAEE in free-living conditions is resistant to dietary caffeine intake that was equivalent to 5 cups of espresso or 7 cups of tea.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01477294" target="_blank">NCT01477294</a></p> </div

Reference Values for Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements in Athletes

<div><p>Background</p><p>Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Body weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5^th, 25^th, 50^th, 75^th, and 95^th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports.</p><p>Results</p><p>We derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>These reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.</p></div

Physical activity energy expenditure and frequency of low intensity short bouts (>4-min), under both conditions.

<p>Association between physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) from doubly labeled water (DLW) and the frequency of short bouts (>4 min) performed at a low intensity physical activity, under placebo and caffeine conditions.</p

Screening, enrollment and interventions of the study participants.

<p>Screening, enrollment and interventions of the study participants.</p