Universal quantum Hawking evaporation of integrable two-dimensional solitons

We show that any soliton solution of an arbitrary two-dimensional integrable equation has the potential to eventually evaporate and emit the exact analogue of Hawking radiation from black holes. From the AKNS matrix formulation of integrability, we show that it is possible to associate a real spacetime metric tensor which defines a curved surface, perceived by the classical and quantum fluctuations propagating on the soliton. By defining proper scalar invariants of the associated Riemannian geometry, and introducing the conformal anomaly, we are able to determine the Hawking temperatures and entropies of the fundamental solitons of the nonlinear Schroedinger, KdV and sine-Gordon equations. The mechanism advanced here is simple, completely universal and can be applied to all integrable equations in two dimensions, and is easily applicable to a large class of black holes of any dimensionality, opening up totally new windows on the quantum mechanics of solitons and their deep connections with black hole physics

On the Topological Nature of the Hawking Temperature of Black Holes

In this work we determine that the Hawking temperature of black holes possesses a purely topological nature. We find a very simple but powerful formula, based on a topological invariant known as the Euler characteristic, which is able to provide the exact Hawking temperature of any two-dimensional black hole -- and in fact of any metric that can be dimensionally reduced to two dimensions -- in any given coordinate system, introducing a covariant way to determine the temperature only using virtually trivial computations. We apply the topological temperature formula to several known black hole systems as well as to the Hawking emission of solitons of integrable equations.Comment: Updated version with more relevant reference

Sine-Gordon soliton as a model for Hawking radiation of moving black holes and quantum soliton evaporation

The intriguing connection between black holes' evaporation and physics of solitons is opening novel roads to finding observable phenomena. It is known from the inverse scattering transform that velocity is a fundamental parameter in solitons theory. Taking this into account, the study of Haw\-king radiation by a moving soliton gets a growing relevance. However, a theoretical context for the description of this phenomenon is still lacking. Here, we adopt a soliton geometrization technique to study the quantum emission of a moving soliton in a one-dimensional model. Representing a black hole by the one soliton solution of the sine-Gordon equation, we consider Haw\-king emission spectra of a quantized massless scalar field on the soliton-induced metric. We study the relation between the soliton velocity and the black hole temperature. Our results address a new scenario in the detection of new physics in the quantum gravity panorama.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

A hitherto unknown edition of the Spanish Psalter by Abraham Usque (Ferrara 1554)

The Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele in Roma owns a Psalter in Spanish published in 1554 by Abraham Usque. It is the matter of a hitherto unknown second edition of the Psalterium printed in Ferrara in 1553. From the «Prologo» we learn that Abraham Usque was not only a simple printer but also the editor and one of the translators of this book. He also stated to have worked at the translation of the Biblia en lengua Española (Ferrara 1553) together with eminent scholars.En la Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele de Roma se conserva un Salterio en español publicado en 1554 por Abraham Usque. Se trata de una segunda edición hasta ahora desconocida de su Psalterium impreso en Ferrara en 1553. Por su «Prologo» sabemos que Abraham Usque no actuó sólo como un mero impresor sino que también participó en la edición y fue uno de los traductores del libro. En dicho «Prologo» afirma asimismo que, junto con otros eminentes eruditos, había trabajado en la traducción de la Biblia en lengua Española (Ferrara 1553)

Comorbid depressive disorders in ADHD. the role of ADHD severity, subtypes and familial psychiatric disorders

ObjectiveaaTo evaluate the presence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Dysthymic Disorder (DD) in a sample of Italian children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to explore specific features of comorbid depressive disorders in ADHD. MethodsaaThree hundred and sixty-six consecutive, drug-naïve Caucasian Italian outpatients with ADHD were recruited and comorbid disorders were evaluated using DSM-IV-TR criteria. To evaluate ADHD severity, parents of all children filled out the ADHD Rating Scale. Thirty-seven children with comorbid MDD or DD were compared with 118 children with comorbid conduct disorder and 122 without comorbidity for age, sex, IQ level, family psychiatric history, and ADHD subtypes and severity. Resultsaa42 of the ADHD children displayed comorbid depressive disorders: 16 exhibited MDD, 21 DD, and 5 both MDD and DD. The frequency of hyperactive-impulsive subtypes was significantly lower in ADHD children with depressive disorders, than in those without any comorbidity. ADHD children with depressive disorders showed a higher number of familial psychiatric disorders and higher score in the Inattentive scale of the ADHD Rating Scale, than children without any comorbidity. No differences were found for age, sex and IQ level between the three groups. Conclusions: Consistent with previous studies in other countries, depressive disorders affect a significant proportion of ADHD children in Italy. Patient assessment and subsequent treatment should take into consideration the possible presence of this comorbidity, which could specifically increase the severity of ADHD attention problems

The Pronunciation of Hebrew in the Western Sephardic Settlements (XVIth-XXth Centuries). First Part: Early Modern Venice and Ferrara (2)

In or around 1552, Isac Cavallero in Venice and Yomtob Atias in Ferrara published various Spanish translations of the Hebrew prayer-book. Almost at the same time in Ferrara, Abraham Usque produced some new vulgarizations of the Hebrew ritual. These works were conceived mainly for the former Marranos who had embraced the Jewish religion but were still unfamiliar with Hebrew. In order to enable them to recite at least a part of the most important prayers, the authors of these vulgarizations transliterated into Latin characters some passages of different prayers and blessings. These translations of the prayer-book were repeatedly reprinted throughout the following centuries in Venice, Amsterdam and in several North-European cities. The subsequent editions followed very closely the pattern of the Ferrara prototypes, however several re-issues bore different additions. Of particular interest are the transliterations of new and wider passages from various prayers and hymns. By carrying on an extensive graphematic analysis of these prayer-books as well as of other texts such as grammar-books, registers of the deliberations of the Sephardic communities, notarial deeds and other documents, it was possible to ascertain the features of the Sephardi pronunciation in the early modern communities of Venice and Ferrara and in the West-European settlements. The main differences and analogies between the Sephardi, the Judeo-Italian and the Ashkenazi pronunciation were also examined. Special attention has been paid to the consonant 'Ayin which, in the 16th century, had a phonetic value equal to zero or tending to zero.En torno a 1552, Isac Cavallero en Venecia y Yomtob Atías en Ferrara publicaron varias traducciones al español del oracional judío. De manera casi simultánea en Ferrara,Abraham Usque publicó nuevas versiones del ritual judío en lengua vernácula. Estas obras estaban concebidas principalmente para individuos de origen converso que habían abrazado la religión judía sin estar aún familiarizados con la lengua hebrea. Con objeto de posibilitarles recitar al menos una parte de las oraciones más importantes, los autores de estas vulgarizaciones transliteraron en caracteres latinos algunos pasajes de diferentes oraciones y bendiciones. Estas traducciones del libro de rezo judío se reimprimieron repetidamente durante los siglos posteriores en Venecia, Amsterdam y en varias ciudades del Norte de Europa. Las ediciones posteriores siguen fielmente el patrón de los modelos deFerrara, pese a que algunas reimpresiones incluyen adiciones diferentes. Particularmente interesantes son las transliteraciones de nuevos y más amplios pasajes de varias oracionese himnos. En este estudio se ha llevado a cabo un extenso análisis de estos oracionales, además de textos tales como gramáticas, registros de deliberación de comunidades judíasy escrituras notariales. De esta manera, ha sido posible precisar de manera detallada la pronunciación del hebreo en las comunidades sefardíes de Venecia y Ferrara y en otrasdel Occidente europeo durante la Edad Moderna temprana. También se han examinadolas principales diferencias y analogías entre la pronunciación sefardí, judeo-italiana y asqquenasí.Se ha prestado especial atención a la consonante 'ayin, que en el siglo XVI teníaun valor fonético igual a cero o tendiendo a cero

La pronunciación del hebreo entre los judíos de las «naciones» hispano-portuguesas de occidente (siglos XVI-XVII). Segunda parte: la pronunciación de la consonante ‘Ayin

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain when the Italian Jewish communities and the Western Portuguese “Nations” adopted the nasal-guttural pronunciation of the ‘ayin, variously represented as gn, ng, ngh, hg. In 16th century Ferrara and Venice, the phonetic value of this consonant was zero or close to zero. Only at the very end of the 16th century, some authors in Italy graphically represented it as ng. In the same period, an Amsterdam author introduced new graphemes and expressed the ‘ayin as gh or hg, while a Hamburg scholar published a grammar-book where he gave the name of this consonant as Hgain. The new graphemes were not adopted by the majority of authors, who continued to represent it by a simple h, or left it without notation. Both in Italy and in Northern Europe, the h > gn shift was rather discontinuous.Estudio de la adopción de la pronunciación naso-gutural de la consonante ‘ayin y de su variada representación gráfica entre los judíos de Italia y de las «Naciones» judías hispano-portuguesas. Durante el siglo XVI, el valor fonético de esa consonante era o tendía a cero. A fines de ese siglo y a comienzos del XVII, algunos autores en Italia la representan como ng. Un autor coetáneo en Amsterdam introduce nuevos grafemas, tales como gh o hg, mientras que otro autor de Hamburgo publicaba una gramática en la que denomina Hgain esta consonante. Los nuevos grafemas no fueron adoptados por la mayoría de autores que continuaron representando dicha consonante por una h. Tanto en Italia como en el norte de Europa el cambio h > gn fue discontinuo

Manoel Lopez Bichacho, a XVIth Century Leader of the Portuguese Nation in Antwerp and in Pesaro

According to Samuel Usque's Consolaçam as Tribulações de Israel, in 1551, Manuel Bichacho, a Portuguese Jew living in Pesaro, entreated the Duke of Urbino to accept in his States a group of his countrymen who had been expelled from Ferrara, where they had been accused of having brought the plague. However, the desterro from Ferrara took place in the autumn of 1549 and not in 1551. Research carried out in Italian and Belgian Archives allowed us to identify Manuel Bichacho, the Jewish Portuguese banker in Pesaro, with the former Emanuel Lopez, a rich Marrano merchant of Antwerp who played an important role as one of the leaders of the Portuguese Nation in that city, and a member of the Rescue Committee which organised and financed the escape of Marranos from Portugal to Flanders and thence towards Ferrara and the Levant.Según Samuel Usque en su Consolaçam as Tribulações de Israel, en 1551 Manuel Bichacho, judío de origen portugués que vivía en Pesaro, convenció al duque de Urbino para que aceptara en sus estados a un grupo de sus compatriotas que habían sido expulsados de Ferrara, acusados de propagar la peste. Sin embargo, el destierro de Ferrara tuvo lugar en el otoño de 1549 y no en 1551. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en archivos italianos y belgas nos han permitido identificar al judío portugués Manuel Bichacho, banquero de Pesaro, con Emanuel Lopes, rico mercader marrano de Amberes, que jugó un importante papel como uno de los líderes de la «nación portuguesa» en dicha ciudad y miembro del comité de rescate que organizó y financió la huida de marranos de Portugal a Flandes y desde allí hacia Ferrara y Levante