31 research outputs found

    Ricerca di anisotropie nelle direzioni di arrivo di elettroni e positroni dei raggi cosmici con il Large Area Telescope di Fermi

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    La maggioranza dei raggi cosmici primari con energia al di sotto di 10^15–10^16 eV si ipotizza sia prodotta nella nostra galassia. Durante il trasporto dalle loro sorgenti al Sistema Solare, i raggi cosmici diffondono nel campo magnetico galattico, le cui irregolarità tendono ad isotropizzarne il flusso. La ricerca di anisotropie nelle direzioni di arrivo di elettroni e positroni dei raggi cosmici può fornire informazioni molto importanti sulle sorgenti in cui sono accelerati e sull'ambiente nel quale propagano. Contrariamente alla controparte adronica, gli elettroni ed i positroni perdono rapidamente energia attraverso l'emissione di radiazione di sincrotrone e per il processo di Compton inverso con i fotoni dei campi di radiazione interstellare. Per questo motivo elettroni e positroni di alta energia (100 GeV–1 TeV) devono necessariamente essere originati da sorgenti relativamente vicine alla Terra (~ kpc) e potenzialmente distribuite in modo anisotropico. La rivelazione di un flusso in eccesso potrebbe permettere di identificare tali sorgenti e vincolare i modelli di propagazione diffusiva nella galassia. Inoltre, i risultati dello studio delle anisotropie potrebbero aiutare a risolvere la questione aperta sulla frazione di positroni crescente sopra l'energia di ~ 10 GeV. Nel caso di scenario dominato dalla dark matter è attesa un'anisotropia di dipolo allineata con la direzione del centro galattico, dove la densità di materia oscura è maggiore. Diversamente, nel caso di spiegazione di origine astrofisica (ad esempio pulsar come Vela e Monogem), è atteso un eccesso verso tali sorgenti, poste prevalentemente nella direzione opposta del centro galattico. I dati raccolti dal Large Area Telescope a bordo del satellite Fermi costituiscono un'opportunità unica per questa tipologia di studi. Grazie alla grande accettanza angolare ed alla durata della missione, Fermi ha rivelato nel corso di sette anni quasi 10 milioni di elettroni e positroni con energia superiore a 60 GeV. L'analisi aggiornata utilizzando tutti i dati e la nuova analisi a livello di evento (che va sotto il nome di Pass 8) è destinata a rimanere la misura di riferimento per molti anni. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è stata la messa a punto di una catena completa di analisi per lo studio delle anisotropie con il LAT e la verifica e l'ottimizzazione delle varie componenti usando sia simulazioni Monte Carlo che dati di volo. Vengono prima di tutto discusse in modo dettagliato le tecniche di analisi impiegate per lo studio delle anisotropie nelle direzioni di arrivo. La ricerca viene eseguita senza assunzioni a priori sulla direzione, sulla scala angolare o lo spettro energetico di un potenziale segnale. I metodi utilizzati prevedono sia un confronto diretto, in ogni direzione nel cielo opportunamente pixellizzato, tra il numero di eventi attesi in base all'esposizione del telescopio e quelli effettivamente rivelati, sia un'espansione delle relative fluttuazioni in serie di armoniche sferiche. Il processo di selezione costituisce una fase fondamentale dell'analisi, necessaria per estrarre la componente elettronica dal fondo costituito da protoni e particelle alfa, il cui flusso sommato supera di oltre 3 ordini di grandezza il segnale ricercato. I tagli di selezione definitivi sono ancora in fase di sviluppo nel contesto dell'analisi dello spettro svolta dalla collaborazione Fermi-LAT, ed una versione preliminare di essi è stata impiegata nel presente lavoro. L'utilizzo di una simulazione Monte Carlo di elettroni, associata ad un'orbita realistica del satellite, ha permesso la costruzione di un set di dati simulato su cui testare gli strumenti software sviluppati. La tecnica del ray-tracing (che consiste nel determinare numericamente la traiettoria delle particelle nel campo magnetico terrestre) è stata usata per ottimizzare un taglio di selezione aggiuntivo per la rimozione delle particelle secondarie e costituisce una delle differenze sostanziali rispetto alla precedente analisi. Il campione di dati analizzato corrisponde ad un intervallo di tempo pari a quattro mesi (da Gennaio ad Aprile 2011), funzionale al presente scopo senza condizionare la futura analisi blind sul dataset completo. I limiti al grado di anisotropia di dipolo ottenuti sono in linea con quelli attesi riscalando opportunamente i risultati pubblicati nel 2010 con un anno di dati. Infine, attraverso una simulazione Monte Carlo dedicata è stato valutato il livello di sensibilità previsto per Fermi con i sette anni di presa dati. Lo studio eseguito in questo lavoro di tesi, insieme ai risultati dell'analisi finale sul dataset completo, saranno oggetto di una pubblicazione da parte della collaborazione Fermi-LAT, prevista nel corso del prossimo anno

    An Algorithm to Calibrate and Correct the Response to Unpolarized Radiation of the X-Ray Polarimeter Onboard IXPE

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    The Gas Pixel Detector (GPD) is an X-ray polarimeter to fly onboard IXPE and other missions. To correctly measure the source polarization, the response of IXPE's GPDs to unpolarized radiation has to be calibrated and corrected. In this paper, we describe the way such response is measured with laboratory sources and the algorithm to apply such correction to the observations of celestial sources. The latter allows to correct the response to polarization of single photons, therefore allowing great flexibility in all the subsequent analysis. Our correction approach is tested against both monochromatic and nonmonochromatic laboratory sources and with simulations, finding that it correctly retrieves the polarization up to the statistical limits of the planned IXPE observations

    IXPE and XMM-Newton observations of the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1806-20

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    Recent observations with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) of two anomalous X-ray pulsars provided evidence that X-ray emission from magnetar sources is strongly polarized. Here we report on the joint IXPE and XMM-Newton observations of the soft {\gamma}-repeater SGR 1806-20. The spectral and timing properties of SGR 1806-20 derived from XMM-Newton data are in broad agreement with previous measurements; however, we found the source at an all-time-low persistent flux level. No significant polarization was measured apart from the 4-5 keV energy range, where a probable detection with PD=31.6\pm 10.5% and PA=-17.6\pm 15 deg was obtained. The resulting polarization signal, together with the upper limits we derive at lower and higher energies 2-4 and 5-8 keV, respectively) is compatible with a picture in which thermal radiation from the condensed star surface is reprocessed by resonant Compton scattering in the magnetosphere, similar to what proposed for the bright magnetar 4U 0142+61.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

    Observations of 4U 1626-67 with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer

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    We present measurements of the polarization of X-rays in the 2-8 keV band from the pulsar in the ultracompact low mass X-ray binary 4U1626-67 using data from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The 7.66 s pulsations were clearly detected throughout the IXPE observations as well as in the NICER soft X-ray observations, which we use as the basis for our timing analysis and to constrain the spectral shape over 0.4-10 keV energy band. Chandra HETGS high-resolution X-ray spectra were also obtained near the times of the IXPE observations for firm spectral modeling. We find an upper limit on the pulse-averaged linear polarization of <4% (at 95% confidence). Similarly, there was no significant detection of polarized flux in pulse phase intervals when subdividing the bandpass by energy. However, spectropolarimetric modeling over the full bandpass in pulse phase intervals provide a marginal detection of polarization of the power-law spectral component at the 4.8 +/- 2.3% level (90% confidence). We discuss the implications concerning the accretion geometry onto the pulsar, favoring two-component models of the pulsed emission.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

    The X-ray Polarization Probe mission concept

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    The X-ray Polarization Probe (XPP) is a second generation X-ray polarimeter following up on the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The XPP will offer true broadband polarimetery over the wide 0.2-60 keV bandpass in addition to imaging polarimetry from 2-8 keV. The extended energy bandpass and improvements in sensitivity will enable the simultaneous measurement of the polarization of several emission components. These measurements will give qualitatively new information about how compact objects work, and will probe fundamental physics, i.e. strong-field quantum electrodynamics and strong gravity.Comment: submitted to Astrophysics Decadal Survey as a State of the Profession white pape

    The Polarized Cosmic Hand: IXPE Observations of PSR B1509-58/MSH 15-52

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    We describe IXPE polarization observations of the Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) MSH15-52, the `Cosmic Hand'. We find X-ray polarization across the PWN, with B field vectors generally aligned with filamentary X-ray structures. High significance polarization is seen in arcs surrounding the pulsar and toward the end of the `jet', with polarization degree PD>70%, thus approaching the maximum allowed synchrotron value. In contrast, the base of the jet has lower polarization, indicating a complex magnetic field at significant angle to the jet axis. We also detect significant polarization from PSR B1509-58 itself. Although only the central pulse-phase bin of the pulse has high individual significance, flanking bins provide lower significance detections and, in conjunction with the X-ray image and radio polarization, can be used to constrain rotating vector model solutions for the pulsar geometry.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journa

    X-ray Polarization of the Eastern Lobe of SS 433

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    How astrophysical systems translate the kinetic energy of bulk motion into the acceleration of particles to very high energies is a pressing question. SS 433 is a microquasar that emits TeV gamma-rays indicating the presence of high-energy particles. A region of hard X-ray emission in the eastern lobe of SS 433 was recently identified as an acceleration site. We observed this region with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and measured a polarization degree in the range 38% to 77%. The high polarization degree indicates the magnetic field has a well ordered component if the X-rays are due to synchrotron emission. The polarization angle is in the range -12 to +10 degrees (east of north) which indicates that the magnetic field is parallel to the jet. Magnetic fields parallel to the bulk flow have also been found in supernova remnants and the jets of powerful radio galaxies. This may be caused by interaction of the flow with the ambient medium.Comment: 8 pages, accepted in the Astrophysical Journal Letter

    First X-ray polarization measurement confirms the low black-hole spin in LMC X-3

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    X-ray polarization is a powerful tool to investigate the geometry of accreting material around black holes, allowing independent measurements of the black hole spin and orientation of the innermost parts of the accretion disk. We perform the X-ray spectro-polarimetric analysis of an X-ray binary system in the Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC X-3, that hosts a stellar-mass black hole, known to be persistently accreting since its discovery. We report the first detection of the X-ray polarization in LMC X-3 with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, and find the average polarization degree of 3.2% +- 0.6% and a constant polarization angle -42 deg +- 6 deg over the 2-8 keV range. Using accompanying spectroscopic observations by NICER, NuSTAR, and the Neil Gehrels Swift observatories, we confirm previous measurements of the black hole spin via the X-ray continuum method, a ~ 0.2. From polarization analysis only, we found consistent results with low black-hole spin, with an upper limit of a < 0.7 at a 90% confidence level. A slight increase of the polarization degree with energy, similar to other black-hole X-ray binaries in the soft state, is suggested from the data but with a low statistical significance.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Ap

    The first X-ray polarimetric observation of the black hole binary LMC X-1

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    We report on an X-ray polarimetric observation of the high-mass X-ray binary LMC X-1 in the high/soft state, obtained by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) in October 2022. The measured polarization is below the minimum detectable polarization of 1.1 per cent (at the 99 per cent confidence level). Simultaneously, the source was observed with the NICER, NuSTAR and SRG/ART-XC instruments, which enabled spectral decomposition into a dominant thermal component and a Comptonized one. The low 2-8 keV polarization of the source did not allow for strong constraints on the black-hole spin and inclination of the accretion disc. However, if the orbital inclination of about 36 degrees is assumed, then the upper limit is consistent with predictions for pure thermal emission from geometrically thin and optically thick discs. Assuming the polarization degree of the Comptonization component to be 0, 4, or 10 per cent, and oriented perpendicular to the polarization of the disc emission (in turn assumed to be perpendicular to the large scale ionization cone orientation detected in the optical band), an upper limit to the polarization of the disc emission of 1.0, 0.9 or 0.9 per cent, respectively, is found (at the 99 per cent confidence level).Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

    Tracking the X-ray Polarization of the Black Hole Transient Swift J1727.8-1613 during a State Transition

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    We report on a campaign on the bright black hole X-ray binary Swift J1727.8-1613 centered around five observations by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). This is the first time it has been possible to trace the evolution of the X-ray polarization of a black hole X-ray binary across a hard to soft state transition. The 2--8 keV polarization degree slowly decreased from \sim4\% to \sim3\% across the five observations, but remained in the North-South direction throughout. Using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), we measure the intrinsic 7.25 GHz radio polarization to align in the same direction. Assuming the radio polarization aligns with the jet direction (which can be tested in the future with resolved jet images), this implies that the X-ray corona is extended in the disk plane, rather than along the jet axis, for the entire hard intermediate state. This in turn implies that the long (\gtrsim10 ms) soft lags that we measure with the Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) are dominated by processes other than pure light-crossing delays. Moreover, we find that the evolution of the soft lag amplitude with spectral state differs from the common trend seen for other sources, implying that Swift J1727.8-1613 is a member of a hitherto under-sampled sub-population.Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 20 pages, 8 figure
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