Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-6

A. , which encodes a ribosomal protein, serves as the internal control for equal loading. Experiments were performed three times with consistent results using three independent RNA preparations. Lane 1, mixed stages; lane 2, dauer; lane 3, 4 and 5, 2 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after placement in food, respectively. Dauer larvae begin to feed approximately three hours after exposure to food.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-5

Er larvae formed constitutively. The dauer larvae were then transferred to fresh RNAi plates and incubated at 15°C for 2 days until animals resumed development to the late L4 stage. Two out of four P6.p descendant cells with expression are indicated by arrow heads in a control DR2429 post-dauer L4 larva and a DR2429 post-dauer L4 larva with RNAi treatment . The other two P6.p descendant cells show similar expression patterns. The entire experiment was performed twice with 40 animals examined for each treatment. 37 out of 40 RNAi-treated DR2429 post-dauer L4 larvae showed obviously diminished in four P6.p descendant cells compared to control animals. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. Scale bars, 10 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-1

And transcription levels in and dauer larvae treated with the RNAi control (lanes 1, 3) and RNAi (lanes 2, 4). RT-PCR experiments were performed three times with consistent results using three independent RNA preparations. PHA-4 is needed for dauer recovery. Dauer larvae formed constitutively at 25°C in the presence of RNAi from hatching showed significantly decreased recovery upon downshift to 15°C compared to control , , , and mutants. Percentages of dauer recovery, numbers of animals scored, and values for -tests were shown in Table 1. The entire experiment was performed twice with triplicates for each treatment. is involved in gonad and vulva development. Control post-dauer adult; RNAi-treated post-dauer adult; control post-dauer adult; and RNAi-treated post-dauer adult. The Daf-c mutants all exhibit similar gonad and vulva defects with variable expressivity. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. dtc, distal tip cell; germ, germline; oo, oocytes; emb, embryos; vul, vulva. Scale bars, 10 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-0

A. , which encodes a ribosomal protein, serves as the internal control for equal loading. Experiments were performed three times with consistent results using three independent RNA preparations. Lane 1, mixed stages; lane 2, dauer; lane 3, 4 and 5, 2 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after placement in food, respectively. Dauer larvae begin to feed approximately three hours after exposure to food.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-3

D dauer recovery percentage compared to . Percentages of dauer recovery, numbers of animals scored, and values for -tests are shown in Table 1. The entire experiment was performed twice with triplicates for each treatment. DAF-16 is involved in post-dauer gonad and vulva development. A post-dauer adult, and a post-dauer adult. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. vul, vulva; oo, oocytes; and emb, embryos. Scale bars, 10 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Expression in the distal tip cells and in the intestine of a dauer larva

expression in the uterus and spermathecae of a L4 larva. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. dtc, distal tip cell; sp, spermatheca; ut, uterus; int, intestine. Scale bars, 10 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-4

Potential DAF-16 binding site in the second intron of and flanking sequences are conserved in the corresponding intron of . The potential DAF-16 binding site is shown in red, capital letters. A L4 larva carrying a reporter with the potential DAF-16 binding site shows expression in head neurons. A L4 larva carrying a reporter with the potential DAF-16 binding site mutated shows diminished expression in head neurons. Two transgenic lines were made from each construct. 20 animals were examined from each transgenic line. Over 50% of animals showed representative expression patterns as shown in this panel. Pictures were taken using the same exposure time. Increased transcription upon starvation. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR experiments were performed to assess transcript levels in well-fed N2 L3 larvae with low DAF-16 activity (lane 1); starved N2 L3 larvae with high DAF-16 activity (lane 2); well-fed L3 larvae and starved L3 larvae with no DAF-16 activity (lanes 3 and 4). RT-PCR experiments were performed three times with consistent results using three independent RNA preparations. The mutation and RNAi have additive effects on dauer recovery. A double mutant treated with RNAi showed more severe dauer recovery defects compared to either the mutant control or the mutant treated with RNAi. Percentages of dauer recovery, numbers of animals scored, and values for -tests are shown in Table 1. The entire experiment was performed twice with triplicates for each treatment.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Proposed moderated mediation model.

The utilization of digital educational infrastructure in schools has propelled digital educational games to the forefront of educational innovation. Despite an abundance of empirical studies on the relationship between digital educational games and student’s motivation for learning, a consensus has yet to be reached. This study aims to bridge existing research gaps by adopting a mixed-methods approach grounded in behaviorist learning theory and contextual cognitive theory. A detailed questionnaire was disseminated to students from three distinct university in Thailand. After the exclusion of invalid responses, a robust sample of 434 valid responses was curated and utilized for analysis. Utilizing SPSS and MPLUS software, empirical analyses were conducted to explore the impact of digital educational games on student’s motivation for learning. Research results indicate that: First, digital educational games positively influence student’s motivation for learning; Second, learning engagement serves as a mediator between digital educational games and student’s motivation for learning; Third, the digital environment moderates the relationship between digital educational games and student’s learning engagement. Notably, the positive impact of digital educational games on student learning engagement is amplified in a more immersive digital environment. This study contributes to behaviorist theory and social cognition theory by elucidating how digital educational games affect student’s motivation for learning through their engagement and by highlighting the moderating role of the digital environment. Practically, these findings underscore the significance of digital educational games and the digital environments in schools to enhance student’s motivation for learning.</div

Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development-7

And transcription levels in and dauer larvae treated with the RNAi control (lanes 1, 3) and RNAi (lanes 2, 4). RT-PCR experiments were performed three times with consistent results using three independent RNA preparations. PHA-4 is needed for dauer recovery. Dauer larvae formed constitutively at 25°C in the presence of RNAi from hatching showed significantly decreased recovery upon downshift to 15°C compared to control , , , and mutants. Percentages of dauer recovery, numbers of animals scored, and values for -tests were shown in Table 1. The entire experiment was performed twice with triplicates for each treatment. is involved in gonad and vulva development. Control post-dauer adult; RNAi-treated post-dauer adult; control post-dauer adult; and RNAi-treated post-dauer adult. The Daf-c mutants all exhibit similar gonad and vulva defects with variable expressivity. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. dtc, distal tip cell; germ, germline; oo, oocytes; emb, embryos; vul, vulva. Scale bars, 10 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during post-embryonic development"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/26</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():26-26.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292151.</p><p></p

Regression results for direct effect model and mediation model.

Regression results for direct effect model and mediation model.</p