Mathematical modelling of austempering by finite element method

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) possesses a superior toughness than ordinary cast iron because the residual phase associated with bainitic ferrite is retained aust-enite instead of martensite or carbide. The desired micro- structure (devoid of pearlite, martensite or carbide) can be obtained provided the effective cooling rates at diff-erent cross-sections are accurately determinable for components with varying shape, composition and heat treatment requirements. In this study, a finite element model (FEM) has been developed to predict the temperature profile along different cross-sections following austeni-tizing at 870°C and austempering at 370°C. Solid bodies of different shapes have been meshed into hexahedron ele-ments by the present software. The o verall global matrix equation has been numerically solved by the Gaussian elimination method. Finally, it is found that the results predicted by the present model is in well accordance with the relevant experimental data on austemperability

Implementation of a Portable Learning Management System (PLMS) without Internet for Skill Development in a rural Educational Institute’s

Skill development initiatives are critical for India's advancement since they reduce unemployment, stimulate economic growth, promote inclusion, and strengthen the country's worldwide competitiveness. By investing in skill development, India can capitalize on its demographic dividend and unleash the potential of its workforce for long-term growth and prosperity. The situation of education in rural India is frequently marked by several problems, particularly when it comes to accessing technology resources such as the internet and Learning Management Systems (LMS). Rural education infrastructure is often less developed than in urban areas, resulting in limited access to new technologies and digital resources. The Present research paper focuses on design and implement portable Learning Management System (PLMS) without internet for skill development in rural education Institutes

Implementation Of Anonymous Vehicle Reporting And Communication System For Wrongly Parked Vehicle

Improper parking can cause several issues and problems, including Reduced Accessibility, Inconvenience for Other Drivers, Public Transportation Disruption, Environmental and Aesthetic Concerns, Public Perception, and Traffic Congestion. Addressing these issues typically calls for a combination of traffic management, public awareness campaigns, law enforcement, smart urban design, and community involvement to preserve the successful and safe usage of public spaces

Vibration characteristics of composite/sandwich laminates with piezoelectric layers using a refined hybrid plate model

Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.The free vibration characteristics of laminated composite and sandwich plates with embedded and/or surface-bonded piezoelectric layers is studied, where a hybrid plate theory is proposed for modelling the structural system. It involves a problem of coupled electro-mechanical field. The variation of mechanical/structural displacements across the thickness are modelled by an efficient plate theory, which ensures inter-laminar shear stress continuity as well as stress free condition at the plate top and bottom surfaces. At the same time, this plate model has the distinct advantage of involving unknowns at the reference plane (plate mid-plane) only. For the electrical potential, the through thickness variation is modelled by the layer-wise theory, where the unknowns are taken at all the interfaces including top and bottom surfaces of the plate. However, the degrees of freedom for the electric potential are finally eliminated from the element matrices through condensation. In order to have generality in analysis, the finite element technique is used to approximate the in-plane variation of displacement parameters at the reference plane and electric potential at the different interfaces. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to develop a simple and efficient rectangular element, which satisfies C1 continuity of transverse displacement at the inter-element boundaries. To validate the proposed model, some numerical examples are solved and the results obtained are compared to the published results. As the number of such published results is not sufficient, new examples covering various features are solved to study different aspects of the proposed model. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.P. Topdar, A.H. Sheikh and N. Dhanghttp://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/206/description#descriptio

Finite element analysis of composite and sandwich plates using a continuous inter-laminar shear stress model

Copyright © 2003 SAGE Publications A four noded plate element based on a refined higher order shear deformation theory is developed for the analysis of composite and sandwich plates. This plate theory satisfies the conditions of inter-laminar shear stress continuity and stress free top and bottom surfaces of the plate. Moreover, the number of independent unknowns is the same as that in the first order shear deformation theory. The inter-elemental continuity, as desired by the plate theory, is fully satisfied in the present element. Numerical examples of composite and sandwich plates are solved to validate the element. Some new results are also presented. P. Topdar, A. H. Sheikh and N. Dhan

Response and control of smart laminates using a refined hybrid plate model

The dynamic response of smart composite/sandwich laminates and its control is studied using a refined hybrid plate theory to model the coupled electromechanical field problem in the present study. The proposed plate model consists of a refined plate theory and layerwise theory for through-thickness representation of structural deformation (mechanical field) and electric potential, respectively. The refined plate theory has the elegance that it ensures interlaminar shear stress continuity as well as stress free conditions at the plate top and bottom surfaces with the unknowns at the reference plane only. To have any arbitrary through-thickness variation of electric potential due to the presence of embedded piezoelectric layers, the layerwise theory is used. Though it requires unknowns at all the interfaces, they are eliminated from the final system of equations. The in-plane variations of unknowns at the reference plane for structural deformation and those for the electric potential at the different interfaces are approximated by the finite element technique. As the proposed plate model requires C1 continuity of transverse displacement at the element interfaces, a new rectangular element is developed where this requirement is fully ensured. Finally, numerical examples are solved to study the different aspects of the present problem.Pijush Topdar; Abdul Hamid Sheikh; Nirjhar Dhan