Present status and future prospects to safeguard Nepali citrus industry against Chinese citrus fly (Bactrocera minax Enderlein)

Unlike other Tephrid flies, the Chinese citrus fly (Bactrocera minax Enderlein) is univoltine and oligophagous species strictly restricted to citrus fruits. It has been a serious threat to the citrus industry in China, Bhutan, India and Nepal causing up to 100% of fruit drop before the harvest. Citrus groves, especially tight-skinned cultivars, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in mid-hill districts like Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Dolakha, Kavre, Syangja, Gulmi, etc. have been threatened while in some pockets, lemon, acid lime, and mandarin have vanished due to the Chinese citrus fly (CCF). The driver behind the spread of this invasive pest seems to be poor research works on the phenology of the pest, ill-equipped management practices, flying nature of adult fly and easy movement of infested fruits. Therefore, with reviewing published data, this study aimed to figure out the most appropriate management technology for curbing the CCF and make comprehensive material for safeguarding the citrus industry in the future. Since Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM) or Area-Wide Control Program (AWCP) was found to be an effective tool to control the CCF, individual practices are crucial to incorporate. Monitoring the pest with the lure of protein hydrolase (PH) and subsequently killing adults with attractive protein baits of 25% hydrolyzed protein + insecticide as lethal dinner is mentioned exceptionally better. In AWCP domestic practice: orchard sanitation is not so effective if the orchards are sloppy while shallow tillage adds less to the natural enemy mechanism of CCF pupae in the soil. Equally, we conclude that Sterile Insect Technology (SIT) is not so economical and the boons of natural enemies, parasitoid and entomo-pathogens against CCF, is yet to be exploited

Upconversion of infrared light by graphitic micro-particles due to photo-induced structural modification

Recent reports of upconversion and white light emission from graphitic particles warrant an explanation of the physics behind the process. We offer a model, wherein the upconversion is facilitated by photo-induced electronic structure modification allowing for multi-photon processes. As per the prediction of the model, we experimentally show that graphite upconverts infrared light centered around 1.31 μm to broadband white light centered around 0.85 μm. Our results suggest that upconversion from shortwave infrared (∼3 μm) to visible region may be possible. Our experiments show that the population dynamics of the electronic states involved in this upconversion process occur in the timescale of milliseconds