Ent Examination and Cerumen Removal in Letjen Jamin Ginting Junior High School, Berastagi

Diseases of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) are common diseases in the world. The diseases are essential due to morbidities, which affect the physiological functions in the head and neck region. Cerumen impaction is the most common finding disease of ENT in children. The community service was done to find the distribution of ear, nose, and throat examination results of students in Letjen Jamin Ginting Junior High School, Berastagi, especially cerumen impaction which then were treated with cerumen removal. The community service also aimed to increase student's knowledge about ENT disease. The ENT examination was done to 188 students. The students with cerumen impaction were treated with cerumen removal. The students also educated about ENT disease to improve knowledge about ENT disease. Among 188 students, the number of male students was more than female with 98 students (52.1%), where 76 students (40.4%) were 14 years old. 150 students (79.8%) did not have any complaint about their ear, nose, and throat. Ear fullness was a common chief complaint from the students with 15 students (8.0%). Ear disease was a frequent disease with 44 students (47.3%) and cerumen impaction as the most common findings with 43 students (22.9%). In ENT disease education, the evaluation was done with the highest result was get by 8 students with 80% corrected answers. Ear disease had high prevalence with cerumen impaction as the most common findings of ENT examination

The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Decreasing Interleukin-12 Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease is characterized by a loss of self-tolerance leading to a local tissue inflammation up to a massive systemic organ-spesific inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) present immunomodulatory properties to control the over-activating immune responses in SLE through several mechanisms. However, the capability of MSCs to decrease interleukin (IL)-12 production in in vitro remains unclear. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MSCs in decreasing the level of IL-12 derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients. METHODS: This study used a post-test control group design using a coculture of PBMCs from SLE and healthy patients with MSCs as the subjects. This study included five groups: sham (Sh), control (C), and treatment groups (T) treated by a co-culture MSCs with PBMCs at ratio dose of 1:1 (T1), 1:25 (T2), and 1:50 (T3), respectively, for 72 hours of incubation. The IL-12 levels was analysed by cytometric bead array (CBA) of flow cytometry. RESULTS: This study showed a significant decrease of IL-12 levels (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 after 72 hours incubation of co-culture MSCs with PBMCs from SLE patient. CONCLUSION: MSCs could decrease the level of IL-12 in PBMCs of human SLE to control the inflammation of SLE disease

Cigarette Smoking and Hyperglycaemia in Diabetic Patients

BACKGROUND: The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus has increased throughout the year. Various studies indicate that smoking may affect glucose metabolism and cause hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to compare the blood glucose and HbA1c level in diabetic smoking patients and non-smoking diabetic patients.METHODS: This study used the cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of 30 diabetic smoking patients and 30 non-smoking diabetic patients. The diabetes history and the smoking status of the study population obtained by questionnaire-based interview, the blood glucose and HbA1c level were measured by hexokinase and immunoturbidimetry method using cobas 6000 analyser module c501  (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland).RESULTS: The result in this study showed the fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were higher by 23.64 mg/dl (p = 0.325), 58.00 mg/dl (p = 0.016), 0.39% (p = 0.412) in smoking diabetic patients compared to non-smoking diabetic patients. After statistical analysis, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) of postprandial glucose level between smokers group and non-smokers group, but the non-significant difference of fasting blood glucose and HbA1cCONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that there was a significant difference in postprandial glucose level between smokers group and non-smokers group but the non-significant difference of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c

Pemanfaatan Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata) sebagai Sampo Anti Kutu Kepala (Pediculus humanus capitis)

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Salah satu masalah yang sering timbul pada kulit kepala adalah pedikulosis kapitis yang disebabkan oleh kutu kepala (Pediculus humanus capitis). Kutu kepala ini akan membuat kepala terasa gatal sehingga terus-menerus menggaruk. Lama-kelamaan, garukan tersebut akan membuat kulit kepala terkelupas sehingga memicu timbulnya masalah lainnya yang bersifat lokal maupun sistemik terutama pada anak dan perempuan. Walaupun kecil, kutu kepala sangat berbahaya, karena hidup dengan menghisap darah dari kulit kepala dan menular dengan mudah ke berbagai tempat, seperti ke bantal, guling, hingga ke kepala manusia. Salah satu cara mengatasi kutu kepala adalah dengan menggunakan pedikulosida sintetis yang mudah didapat di apotek. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektifitas penggunaan sampo dari daun sirsak dalam membasmi kutu kepala. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan kutu kepala sebanyak 72 ekor dengan 3 kali replikasi. Kelompok uji terdiri dari kelompok P1 dengan konsentrasi larutan daun sirsak 15% dan kelompok P2 10%. Sampo P1 dan P2 masing-masing dilakukan pengenceran dengan air dengan perbandingan sampo:air, yaitu 1:1 dan 1:2. Hasil: Waktu yang diperlukan untuk mematikan kutu kepala pada kelompok P1 dengan waktu rata-rata 11 detik pada pengujian sampo:air (1:1) dan 11,67 detik pada (1:2). Adapun kelompok P2 pada pengujian sampo:air (1:1) dalam waktu 12 detik dan 12,33 detik pada (1:2). Persentase mortalitas kutu kepala pada keseluruhan kelompok uji adalah 100% dan pada P2 ratarata 12 detik dengan persentase mortalitas 100%. Kesimpulan: Sampo dari daun sirsak efektif dalam membasmi kutu kepala. Kata Kunci: daun sirsak, kutu kepala, pedikulosis kapitis, sampo   ABSTRACT Background: One problem that often arises on the scalp is pediculosis capitis caused by head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). These head lice will make your head itch and scratching constantly. Over time, the scratching will exfoliate the scalp, triggering other local and systemic problems, especially in children and women. Although small, head lice are very dangerous, because they live by sucking blood from the scalp and spread easily to various places, such as pillows, bolsters, up to the human head. One way to deal with head lice is to use synthetic pediculicides which are easy to get at pharmacies. Objectives: To find out the effectiveness of using soursop leaf shampoo in eradicating hair nails. Methods: This study was an experimental study using 72 head lice with 3 replications. The test group consisted of group P1 with a concentration of 15% soursop leaf solution and group P2 10%. Each of the P1 and P2 shampoos was diluted with water with a shampoo:water ratio, namely 1:1 and 1:2. Results: The time needed to kill head lice in group P1 was 11 seconds on the shampoo:water (1:1) test and 11.67 seconds on (1:2) average. As for the P2 group in the shampoo:water test (1:1) in 12 seconds and 12.33 seconds in (1:2). The percentage of head lice mortality in the entire test group was 100% and at P2 an average of 12 seconds with a mortality rate of 100%. Conclusion: Soursop leaf shampoo is effective in eradicating head lice. Keywords: head lice, pediculosis capitis, shampoo, soursop lea

Correlation between Soil Transmitted Helminth Infection and Eosinophil Levels among Primary School Children in Medan

BACKGROUND: Soil Transmitted Helminth infection is one of most prevalent health problems worldwide, especially in environments with poor sanitation. Based on World Health Organisation (WHO) data, more than 2 billion people, or 24% of the world's population, are infected with intestinal parasite. The highest prevalence is located in areas of poor sanitation and unsafe water supplies. In Indonesia, the prevalence of parasite infections is 15% of the entire population.AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Soil Transmitted Helminth infection on levels of eosinophils among primary school children. In addition, this study also aimed to determine the prevalence of different types of worm infections and the levels of eosinophils in children infected with worms.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was analytic observational using a cross-sectional method. The sampling technique was consecutive and in total 132 samples was obtained. The study involved primary school children in Amplas Medan and Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang through May to October 2016. Univariate analysis was performed to determine STH infection prevalence and bivariate analysis was used to find the correlation between STH infection and eosinophil levels through a Chi square (X2) test.  RESULTS: The results showed that the prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth was 7.6%. The most common types of STH infection were 3.8% with Trichuris trichiura and 3% with Ascaris lumbricoides. A significant correlation was found between Parasite infection and eosinophil levels (Contingency Coefficient (C) = 0.2, X2 = 5.3, p = 0.021) and the risk of STH infection that caused eosinophilia or increased eosinophil levels in the children with a Prevalence Ratio (PR) of 1.56 (Confidence Interval (CI) 95%: 1.10-2.22).CONCLUSION: It is recommended that schools at similar risk improve and maintain hygiene and healthy behaviour in the school environment and that parents and teachers pay greater attention to the cleanliness of their children

Correlation between Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection and Serum Iron Level among Primary School Children in Medan

BACKGROUND: The latest estimates indicate that more than 2 billion people worldwide are infected by Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). The burden of STH infection is mainly attributed to the chronic effect on health and quality of life of those infected. It is also contributed to micronutrient deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anaemia. The prevalence of worm infection in Public Primary School students in Medan was quite high (40.3%), and 33.3% was anaemic in the latest study.AIM: To determine the correlation between STH infection with serum iron (SI) level on primary school children, as well as to determine the prevalence of SI level and worm infection, and the type of worm that infects the most of them.METHODS: This study was conducted in the cross-sectional method. Consecutive sampling technique was used and a total of 132 students age 8-12 years old were included. The study took places in Public Primary School 060925 Amplas, Medan and 101747 Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang throughout May-October 2016. Fisher Exact test was used to analyse the correlation between STH infection and SI level.RESULTS: The prevalence of STH infection was 7.6%, and low SI was 11.4%.CONCLUSION: There was no significant correlation between STH infection and SI level (P = 0.317). The prevalence of low SI level was not significantly dependent on STH infection (RP = 1.877, 95% CI = 0.481-7.181)

Cryptosporidium Sp. Findings and Its Symptomatology among Immunocompromised Patients

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium sp. is an apicomplexan protozoa, and it is related to an immunocompromised state. As it develops diverse clinical manifestations, mild to life-threatening conditions, administration of anti-parasitic medication and its management remain problematic. AIM: The study aimed to provide Cryptosporidiosis symptomatology and its prevalence among HIV-infected patients in a tertiary referral hospital, Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Symptomatology was noted using short-questionnaire, and laboratory findings were obtained from the hospital medical record registry on the same day of admission. We enrolled 24 patients were suffered from HIV infection for a certain period and more than one-week diarrhoea including 18 males and 6 females. Routine faeces examination using wet mount, Kinyoun-gabet, and trichrome staining was performed for all samples in Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. Numerical data were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test while Fisher Exact test was used to determine any association between categorical variables. RESULTS: Our study found that 8 of 24 patients were positive with Cryptosporidium sp. while its symptomatology including abdominal cramp (66.7%), nausea and vomiting (70.8%), and fever (62.5%) is prevalent from our study. We obtained significant association between CD4 cell count (p = 0.006), diarrhea duration (p = 0.007), abdominal pain (p = 0.005), and nausea and vomiting (p = 0.021) with cryptosporidiosis. CONCLUSION: High consideration of several symptoms related to cryptosporidiosis leads a clinician to initiate prompt management particularly in a high-risk population

Revealing the decrease of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a major constituent for B cells survival post-mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients

Aim Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunosuppressive properties to control systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease by inhibiting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and increasing regulatory T cells (Treg) to control innate and adaptive immune cells. However, the interaction and mechanism regarding IDO and B cells in the co-culture of MSC and SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MSCs in controlling B cells through IDO expression in PBMC of SLE patients. Methods This study used a post-test control group design. MSCs were obtained from human umbilical cord blood and characterized according to their surface antigen expression and multilineage differentiation capacities. PBMCs isolated from SLE patients were divided into five groups: sham, control, and three treatment groups. The treatment groups were treated by co-culturing MSCs to PBMCs with a ratio of 1:10, 1:25, and 1:40 for 72 h incubation. The B cell levels were analysed by flow cytometry with cytometric bead array (CBA) and the IDO levels were determined by ELISA. Results The percentages of B cells decreased significantly in groups treated by dose-dependent MSCs, particularly in T1 and T2 groups. These findings were aligned with the significant decrease of the IDO level. Conclusion MSCs control B cells-mediated by a decrease of IDO in PBMC of SLE patients

Mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxia condition inhibit peritoneal adhesion by suppressing the prolonged release of interleukin-6

Aim To investigate the role of hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (H-MSCs) in preventing peritoneal adhesion by regulating IL-6 at days 6 and 12. Methods Twenty-four PAs rat model weighing 250 g to 300 g were randomly allocated into 4 groups: sham (Sh), control (C), H-MSCs treatment group at dose 1.5 x 106 (T1) and 3 x 106 (T2). To induce H-MSCs, all MSCs population were incubated under hypoxia state (5% O2 ), 5% CO2 , and 37o C for 24 hours. Expression level of IL-6 was performed using ELISA. Morphological appearance of adhesion was observed by visualizing the existence of adhesion formation in intestinal. Results In this study we found that there was a trend of decrease of IL-6 level on day 6 following MSCs treatments. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease of IL-6 level on day 12 in all treatment groups. Also, no adhesion occurred in T2 group. Conclusions H-MSCs prevent PA development by suppressing the prolonged release of IL-6 at proliferation phase