Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) (A) and serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) (B-D) in the mice at 96h post-sham surgery (n = 5) and mice survived at 96h post-CLP administered with normal saline (NSS; n = 5), fluconazole (n = 4) and live-<i>Candida</i> with fluconazole (n = 2) are shown (survival rate of these groups were demonstrated in Fig 1A and 1B).

<p>*, <i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. sham; No data, non survivor in this group.</p

Oral administration of live- or heat-killed <i>Candida albicans</i> worsened cecal ligation and puncture sepsis in a murine model possibly due to an increased serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan - Fig 5

<p>Time-course of cytokines in supernatant of macrophages after incubation with heat-killed <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> preparation (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181439#sec002" target="_blank">Method</a>) with or without purified (1→3)-β-D-glucan (Pachyman) (BG) (at 1 or 10 μg/ml) or BG 10 μg/ml alone was shown (independent experiments were done in triplicate) (A-C). Area under the curve of cytokine responses of graph A-C are demonstrated (D-F). **, <i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. PBS+heat-killed <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>.</p