Additional file 1: Table S1. of Introduction of p16INK4a as a surrogate biomarker for HPV in women with invasive cervical cancer in Sudan

Frequency of p16INK4a/Ki-67 immunostaining according to diagnosis and HPV infection in the 63 cervical tumor cases. (DOCX 51 kb

Type of repeats sequence with limited polymorphism of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum glurp</i> gene in the Indian isolates.

<p>Type of repeats sequence with limited polymorphism of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum glurp</i> gene in the Indian isolates.</p

Global population structure of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>csp</i> gene.

<p>A minimal spanning tree (MST) generated using Bio Numerics software version 7.6.1 showing the relationship from worldwide isolates. Each circle represents and individual haplotype and the size of the circle is proportional to the number of isolates belonging to that haplotypes. The line connecting the circle is branch length.</p

Nucleotide diversity test of neutrality and rate of recombination test of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.

<p>Nucleotide diversity test of neutrality and rate of recombination test of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.</p

Frequency distribution of different allelic variations of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>glurp</i> genes in Indian isolates.

<p>Frequency distribution of different allelic variations of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>glurp</i> genes in Indian isolates.</p

Genetic diversity and antibody responses against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development - Fig 5

<p>(A) Total IgG antibody levels against synthetic peptide of the <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> antigens/epitopes. (B) Levels of total IgG antibody responses among different age groups. (Box plots depict median values with 25th and 75th percentile values represented by the bottom and top edges boxes. Small * indicate that the antibody responses statistically significant differences (* p<0.05) when compared among different age groups.</p

Genetic diversity and antibody responses against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development

<div><p>The genetic diversity in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> antigens is a major hurdle in developing an effective malaria vaccine. Protective efficacy of the vaccine is dependent on the polymorphic alleles of the vaccine candidate antigens. Therefore, we investigated the genetic diversity of the potential vaccine candidate antigens i.e. <i>msp-1</i>, <i>msp-2</i>, <i>glurp</i>, <i>csp and pfs25</i> from field isolates of <i>P</i>.<i>falciparum</i> and determined the natural immune response against the synthetic peptide of these antigens. Genotyping was performed using Sanger method and size of alleles, multiplicity of infection, heterogeneity and recombination rate were analyzed. Asexual stage antigens were highly polymorphic with 55 and 50 unique alleles in <i>msp-1</i> and <i>msp-2</i> genes, respectively. The MOI for <i>msp-1</i> and <i>msp-2</i> were 1.67 and 1.28 respectively. A total 59 genotype was found in <i>glurp</i> gene with 8 types of amino acid repeats in the conserved part of RII repeat region. The number of NANP repeats from 40 to 44 was found among 55% samples in <i>csp</i> gene while <i>pfs25</i> was found almost conserved with only two amino acid substitution site. The level of genetic diversity in the present study population was very similar to that from Asian countries. A higher IgG response was found in the B-cell epitopes of msp-1 and csp antigens and higher level of antibodies against csp B-cell epitope and glurp antigen were recorded with increasing age groups. Significantly, higher positive responses were observed in the csp antigen among the samples with ≥42 NANP repeats. The present finding showed extensive diversity in the asexual stage antigens.</p></div

Map of India showing the study site.

<p>Map of India showing the study site.</p

Distribution of allelic family and size variations of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.

<p>Distribution of allelic family and size variations of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.</p

Prevalence of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> csp haplotype based on NANP and NVDP repeats and their arrangement.

<p>Prevalence of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> csp haplotype based on NANP and NVDP repeats and their arrangement.</p