Prostatectomia com anastomose de uretra para o tratamento de adenocarcinoma prostático

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Distance to range edge determines sensitivity to deforestation

It is generally assumed that deforestation affects a species consistently across space, however populations near their geographic range edge may exist at their niche limits and therefore be more sensitive to disturbance. We found that both within and across Atlantic Forest bird species, populations are more sensitive to deforestation when near their range edge. In fact, the negative effects of deforestation on bird occurrences switched to positive in the range core (>829 km), in line with Ellenberg’s rule. We show that the proportion of populations at their range core and edge varies across Brazil, suggesting deforestation effects on communities, and hence the most appropriate conservation action, also vary geographically

Breaking Functional Connectivity into Components: A Novel Approach Using an Individual-Based Model, and First Outcomes

Landscape connectivity is a key factor determining the viability of populations in fragmented landscapes. Predicting ‘functional connectivity’, namely whether a patch or a landscape functions as connected from the perspective of a focal species, poses various challenges. First, empirical data on the movement behaviour of species is often scarce. Second, animal-landscape interactions are bound to yield complex patterns. Lastly, functional connectivity involves various components that are rarely assessed separately. We introduce the spatially explicit, individual-based model FunCon as means to distinguish between components of functional connectivity and to assess how each of them affects the sensitivity of species and communities to landscape structures. We then present the results of exploratory simulations over six landscapes of different fragmentation levels and across a range of hypothetical bird species that differ in their response to habitat edges. i) Our results demonstrate that estimations of functional connectivity depend not only on the response of species to edges (avoidance versus penetration into the matrix), the movement mode investigated (home range movements versus dispersal), and the way in which the matrix is being crossed (random walk versus gap crossing), but also on the choice of connectivity measure (in this case, the model output examined). ii) We further show a strong effect of the mortality scenario applied, indicating that movement decisions that do not fully match the mortality risks are likely to reduce connectivity and enhance sensitivity to fragmentation. iii) Despite these complexities, some consistent patterns emerged. For instance, the ranking order of landscapes in terms of functional connectivity was mostly consistent across the entire range of hypothetical species, indicating that simple landscape indices can potentially serve as valuable surrogates for functional connectivity. Yet such simplifications must be carefully evaluated in terms of the components of functional connectivity they actually predict

A Integração entre diferentes instituições e setores da sociedade para o conhecimento da biologia e a conservação do criticamente ameaçado Aracuã-guarda-faca (Ortalis remota Pinto, 1960)

Brazil is one of the mega-diverse countries recognized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). To preserve this biodiversity, Brazil has adopted several strategies to combat its biodiversity loss. One of the central policies is the creation of National Action Plans (PANs) to conserve endangered species. In the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Atlantic Rainforest Birds, several players plan objectives and execute the actions to conserve threatened species in the biome, such as the Ortalis remota (Pinto's Chachalaca). To guarantee the conservation of this species, environmental agencies, private companies, non-governmental organizations, and universities joined forces to carry out studies on the distribution of the species, which generated a distribution model used to search for new populations and also allowed the prioritization of áreas dedicated to its conservation. This work resulted in the identification of 266 individuals restricted to gallery forests, increasing the species' known population to 13 municipalities exclusive to the State of São Paulo. Besides the information obtained that will support new actions to promote the conservation of the Pinto's Chachalaca, this case shows the importance of integrating different sectors to implemente the PANs.Brasil es uno de los países megadiversos reconocidos en el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA). Para preservar esta biodiversidad se han adoptado varias estrategias, una de las principales proveniente de políticas públicas, como los Planes de Acción Nacionales para la Conservación de Especies Amenazadas (PAN). En el PAN Aves del Bosque Atlántico, varios actores participan en la planificación y ejecución de acciones para la conservación de varias especies amenazadas que se presentan en el bioma, como lo Ortalis remota, em peligro crítico de extinción a nivel nacional. Para garantizar la conservación de esta especie, agencias ambientales, empresas privadas, organizaciones no gubernamentales y universidades unieron esfuerzos para realizar estudios sobre la distribución de la especie, lo que generó un modelo de distribución, utilizado para buscar nuevas poblaciones y que además permitió priorizar áreas designadas para la conservación de la especie. Este trabajo resultó en la identificación de 266 individuos restringidos a bosques de galería, aumentando la población conocida de la especie a 13 municipios, exclusivos del estado de São Paulo. Además de la información obtenida que apoyará nuevas acciones para promover la conservación del Ortalis remota, este estudio muestra la importancia de integrar diferentes sectores de la sociedad para implementar los PAN.O Brasil é um dos países megadiversos reconhecidos pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (PNUMA). Para preservar essa biodiversidade diversas estratégias têm sido assumidas, e uma das principais vêm das políticas públicas: os planos de ação nacional para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção (PANs). No PAN das Aves da Mata Atlântica diversos atores participam do planejamento e na execução das ações para a conservação de diversas espécies ameaçadas que ocorrem no bioma, como o aracuã-guarda-faca (Ortalis remota, Pinto, 1960), criticamente ameaçado em nível nacional. Para garantir a conservação dessa espécie, órgãos ambientais, empresas privadas, organizações não-governamentais e universidades uniram esforços para realizar estudos sobre sua distribuição, o que gerou um modelo de distribuição usado para buscas por novas populações e, que permitiu também a priorização das áreas destinadas à conservação da espécie. Este trabalho resultou na identificação de 266 indivíduos restritos às florestas ripárias remanescentes, aumentando a população conhecida da espécie para 13 municípios, exclusivos ao estado de São Paulo. Além das informações obtidas que irão embasar novas ações para promover a conservação do aracuã-guarda-faca, este estudo mostra a importância da integração dos diferentes setores da sociedade para efetivação dos PANs

Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard