25 research outputs found

    Les groupes humains dans la nature : nouvelle analyse des distributions de leurs effectifs

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    Summary : Human groups in the field : new analysis of the distributions of their sizes. Studies of the sizes of human groups « in the field » are critically examined to determine and develop their contributions on the basis of a new analysis of existing data for 12,391 groups observed in twelve urban settings. Past analyses tended to conclude that ail the distributions of group sizes were positively skewed and fitted the Poisson lave rather than the binomial law, both being zero-truncated. A new analysis of the same data questions that conclusion : when the settings are unfavourable to social interactions, there is a majority of solitary individuals ; when they are favourable to them, there is a majority of individuals in dyads. It is concluded that the perspectives of research which are offered illustrate how studies of the sizes of human groups can be profitable for social and environmental psychology. Key words : human groups, groups size, information processing.Résumé Les recherches sur les effectifs des groupes humains formés dans « la nature » font l'objet d'une revue critique visant à recenser leurs apports et à les développer à partir d'une nouvelle analyse de données antérieures portant sur 12 391 groupes observés dans 12 contextes urbains. Les analyses antérieures tendent à conclure que les distributions des effectifs des groupes auraient toutes l'allure d'une courbe à asymétrie positive et s'ajusteraient à la loi de Poisson plutÎt qu'à la loi binomiale, tronquée à zéro. Une nouvelle analyse des données remet en cause ces conclusions. Quand les contextes des observations sont défavorables aux interactions sociales, il existe une majorité d'individus solitaires; quand les contextes sont favorables à ces interactions, il existe une majorité d'individus en groupes d'effectif égal à deux. Nos conclusions présentent des perspectives de recherches qui illustrent le parti que la psychologie sociale et la psychologie de l'environnement pourraient tirer de travaux sur les effectifs des groupes humains. Mots clés : groupes humains, effectifs des groupes, traitement de l'information.Desportes Jean-Pierre, Lemaine Jean-Marie, Dequeker Annie. Les groupes humains dans la nature : nouvelle analyse des distributions de leurs effectifs. In: L'année psychologique. 1987 vol. 87, n°4. pp. 567-580

    L'effectif des groupes humains dans « la nature » : revue critique et nouvelles analyses de données antérieures

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    Desportes Jean-Pierre, Lemaine Jean-Marie, Dequeker Annie. L'effectif des groupes humains dans « la nature » : revue critique et nouvelles analyses de données antérieures. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 40 n°380, 1987. pp. 489-496

    Suivi à long terme des pesticides pour la compréhension de leurs processus de transfert à l'échelle du bassin versant

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    RA PIREN SeineLe suivi en continu de la contamination par les pesticides dans le bassin versant de l’Orgeval a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ© en 2008. Ainsi, 10 ans de donnĂ©es sont maintenant disponibles afin de voir leur comportement sur le long terme et permettre de confronter les rĂ©sultats de simulation des modĂšles. Les prĂ©lĂšvements ponctuels ne sont souvent pas pertinents pour la comparaison avec des sorties de modĂšle car les concentrations sont trĂšs fluctuantes dans le temps, surtout dans un petit cours d’eau comme l’Orgeval. Ici, les prĂ©lĂšvements sont asservis au dĂ©bit et moyennĂ©s mensuellement. Un focus est fait ici pour les molĂ©cules emblĂ©matiques pour lesquelles la tendance d’évolution peut ĂȘtre directement mise en relation avec la dynamique des usages phytosanitaire

    Bioaccumulation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by the Freshwater Benthic Amphipod Gammarus pulex

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    International audienceThis study reports on the relationship between polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in water, sediment, and the benthic macroinvertebrate Gammarus pulex, which plays a major ecological role in freshwater ecosystems. Samples were taken in a periurban watershed (near Paris, France), and PBDEs were systematically detected in sediment (a parts per thousand currency sign727 ng g(-1) OC) and G. pulex (a parts per thousand currency sign264 ng g(-1) lipids). PBDEs were also occasionally detected in the water column at low levels (a PBDEs < 1.5 ng L-1). The log values of bioaccumulation factors were in the range 7.8 +/- A 0.1-8.3 +/- A 0.4 L kg(-1) for tetra- and penta-BDEs, which were the only ones quantified in the dissolved phase of river water. Meanwhile, levels of individual tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners in G. pulex generally positively correlated with sediment levels, suggesting an equilibrium situation. Biota-to-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of tri-hepta BDEs were congener specific and were in the range 0.5 +/- A 0.3-2.6 +/- A 1.2. For several PBDEs, BSAF values deviated from the expected range, likely because of in vivo metabolism

    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Dynamics in Ambient Air and Atmospheric Bulk/Wet Deposition in Downtown Paris (France)

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    International audienceThis study reports on the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric dynamics in the dense urban environment of downtown Paris (France). Eight PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209) were simultaneously analysed in bulk and wet atmospheric deposition, as well as in ambient air (gaseous/particulate phases), twice a month over a 12-month period (May 2008-May 2009). The total air concentration of I pound 8PBDEs ranged between 12 and 185 pg m(-3), and the seasonal variations of PBDE levels were controlled by air temperature (except for BDE-209). Regarding bulk deposition, I pound 8PBDE flux was in the range 5-94 ng m(-2) day(-1), and it was positively correlated with atmospheric particulate phase PBDE concentrations. Meanwhile, the measured wet deposition flux of I pound 8PBDE ranged between 2 and 24 ng m(-2) day(-1), and its median contribution to bulk deposition was 39% only, which highlights the importance of dry deposition

    Contamination des eaux de surface en milieu rural par des résidus d'antibiotiques

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    Les antibiotiques sont des molĂ©cules trĂšs utilisĂ©es en mĂ©decines humaine et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire pour combattre efficacement et prĂ©venir les maladies d'origine bactĂ©rienne. Cette forte utilisation conduit Ă  s'interroger sur le devenir de ces molĂ©cules dans l'environnement et sur leurs effets potentiels sur l'Ă©quilibre des Ă©cosystĂšmes. De plus, cette exposition continue des microorganismes Ă  de faibles concentrations d'antibiotiques pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l'origine de l'Ă©mergence de souches bactĂ©riennes rĂ©sistantes. UtilisĂ©s dans les Ă©levages, les antibiotiques sont rejetĂ©s soit directement dans les cours d'eau avec les effluents liquides, soit indirectement par l'Ă©pandage des dĂ©chets de l'Ă©levage sur les terres agricoles. Ces molĂ©cules peuvent ĂȘtre retenues dans le sol, ou ĂȘtre entraĂźnĂ©es par les eaux de ruissellement vers les cours d'eau. Il est donc nĂ©cessaire de mieux connaĂźtre leur comportement ainsi que leurs niveaux de prĂ©sence dans l'environnement afin de mieux Ă©valuer les consĂ©quences induites sur le plan Ă©cologique. La dĂ©tection de rĂ©sidus antibiotiques dans les eaux de surface et l'Ă©mergence de souches bactĂ©riennes rĂ©sistantes Ă  certains antibiotiques constituent une nouvelle prĂ©occupation pour les scientifiques et les gestionnaires des ressources en eau. Cette Ă©tude sur le bassin versant de la Blaise (607 km2), un affluent secondaire de la Marne, concerne la dĂ©tection de quelques antibiotiques utilisĂ©s en mĂ©decine humaine et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire dans diffĂ©rents secteurs en milieu rural (terres arables, forĂȘts, prairies). Le niveau de contamination de la riviĂšre a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©hendĂ© Ă  partir de six molĂ©cules, appartenant Ă  diffĂ©rentes familles d'antibiotiques fortement utilisĂ©es. Plusieurs composĂ©s ont ainsi Ă©tĂ© dĂ©celĂ©s, notamment l'acide oxolinique, la flumĂ©quine, la norfloxacine, Ă  des concentrations de l'ordre de la dizaine de nanogrammes par litre, variant suivant les conditions saisonniĂšres

    Influence of Hydrological Parameters on Organohalogenated Micropollutant (Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls) Behaviour in the Seine (France)

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    International audienceThe temporal dynamics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in a heavily urbanized river (Seine River, Paris, France) from November 2009 to May 2010. Pollutant concentrations were in the range of 0.2 to 3.8 ng l(-1) (median 1.1) and 0.4 to 3.6 ng l(-1) (median 1.1) for a tri-deca BDEs and a 7PCBs, respectively. In addition, for both PBDEs and PCBs, the partitioning between the particulate and dissolved phases was investigated. Due to their low water solubility, PBDEs were mainly (> 70%) bound to particles. In contrast, only 54% of a 7PCBs occurred in the particulate phase, and their partitioning was influenced by the degree of chlorination. During the sampling period, PBDE/PCB fluxes were quite similar and ranged from 3 to 128 and from 6 to 125 g day(-1), respectively. The annual mass flow of PBDEs and PCBs was estimated to 10 kg for both. Contrary to PCBs and BDE-209, the temporal evolution of a tri-hepta BDEs was related to particulate organic matter content, which is controlled by river flow variations. This suggests that they exhibit different sources or behavior in the Seine River

    A new analytical protocol for the determination of 62 endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air

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    International audienceThe objective of this study was to develop and validate a new analytical protocol for simultaneous determination of 62 semi-volatile organic compounds in both phases of indoor air. Studied compounds belong to several families: polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, parabens, tetrabromobisphenol A, bisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, triclosan, alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, synthetic musks (galaxolide and tonalide) and pesticides (lindane and cypermethrin). A medium volume sampling system was used to collect simultaneously these endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from the gaseous and particulate phases. An accelerated solvent extraction method was optimized to obtain all EDCs in a single extract by atmospheric phase. Their extraction from the sorbents and their analysis by liquid and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS, GC/MS and GC/MS/MS) was validated using spiked sorbents (recovery study and analytical uncertainty analysis by fully nested design). The developed protocol achieved low limits of quantification (<0.5 ng m−3) and low uncertainty values (<5 ng m−3) for all compounds. Once validated, the method was applied to indoor air samples from four locations (a house, an apartment, a day nursery and an office) and compared to literature to confirm its efficiency. All target EDCs were quantified in the samples and were primarily present in the gaseous phase. The major contaminants found in indoor air were, in descending order, phthalates, synthetic musks, alkylphenols and parabens

    Organohalogenated Micropollutants: Polybrominated Disphenyl Ether (PBDE) Contamination Gradient of the Seine River in France

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    The Spatio-temporal variability of the Seine River contamination by organic micropollutants such as Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was investigated in three sites downstream and upstream of Paris between February and November 2010. The mean concentrations of ÎŁ tri-hepta BDE observed at Marnay-Sur-Seine (upstream Paris) are 2.7 times lower than those measured at Bougival-Sur-Seine (downstream Paris), while this ratio is equal to 1.8 for BDE-209. Besides, close concentrations are observed at both downstream sites. The concentration gradient was also observed for PBDE concentrations in sediments collected with particle traps. The PBDE temporal evolution was related to particulate organic matter content which is controlled by river flow variations between February to November. The variation in fluxes of these pollutants seems to result from a regular contribution (case of Bougival and Triel-Sur-Seine) and of a diffuse contribution, case of Marnay-Sur-Seine
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