The Key Amygdala-Hippocampal Dialogue for Adaptive Fear Memory

For centuries, philosophical and clinical studies have emphasized a fundamental dichotomy between emotion and cognition, for instance between implicit/emotional memory and explicit/representative memory. However, in the last few decades, cognitive neuroscience has highlighted data indicating that emotion and cognition are in fact in close interaction and that reciprocal amygdalar-hippocampal influences underlie their mutual regulation. While supporting this view, the present chapter discusses experimental data indicating that the hippocampal and amygdalar systems not only regulate each other and their functional outcomes but also qualify specific emotional memory representations through specific activations and interactions. Specifically, we review consistent data unveiling a direct contribution of both the amygdala and septo-hippocampal system to the identification of the predictor of a threat in different situations of fear conditioning. Our suggestion is that these two brain systems and their interplay determine the selection of relevant emotional stimuli, thereby contributing to the adaptive value of emotional memory. Hence, beyond the mutual quantitative regulation of these two brain systems described so far, we propose that different configurations of the hippocampal-amygdalar network qualitatively impact the formation of memory representations, thereby producing either adaptive or maladaptive (e.g., PTSD-like) fear memories

Chronic Stress

A cardinal feature of Post-traumatic stress-related disorder (PTSD) is a paradoxical memory alteration including both intrusive emotional hypermnesia and declarative/contextual amnesia. Most preclinical, but also numerous clinical, studies focus almost exclusively on the emotional hypermnesia aiming at suppressing this recurrent and highly debilitating symptom either by reducing fear and anxiety or with the ethically questionable idea of a rather radical erasure of traumatic memory. Of very mixed efficacy, often associated with a resurgence of symptoms after a while, these approaches focus on PTSD-related symptom while neglecting the potential cause of this symptom: traumatic amnesia. Two of our preclinical studies have recently demonstrated that treating contextual amnesia durably prevents, and even treats, PTSD-related hypermnesia. Specifically, promoting the contextual memory of the trauma, either by a cognitivo-behavioral, optogenetic or pharmacological approach enhancing a hippocampus-dependent memory processing of the trauma normalizes the fear memory by inducing a long-lasting suppression of the erratic traumatic hypermnesia.Altérations neurobiologiques systémiques et moléculaires de la mémoire de type post-traumatiqu

Age-related impairment of declarative memory: linking memorization of temporal associations to GluN2B redistribution in dorsal CA1

GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors have been proposed as a target for treating age‐related memory decline. They are indeed considered as crucial for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus‐dependent memory formation, which are both altered in aging. Because a synaptic enrichment in GluN2B is associated with hippocampal LTP in vitro, a similar mechanism is expected to occur during memory formation. We show instead that a reduction of GluN2B synaptic localization induced by a single‐session learning in dorsal CA1 apical dendrites is predictive of efficient memorization of a temporal association. Furthermore, synaptic accumulation of GluN2B, rather than insufficient synaptic localization of these subunits, is causally involved in the age‐related impairment of memory. These challenging data identify extra‐synaptic redistribution of GluN2B‐containing NMDAR induced by learning as a molecular signature of memory formation and indicate that modulating GluN2B synaptic localization might represent a useful therapeutic strategy in cognitive aging

Neurobiological bases of emotional memory: Adaptive vs. maladaptive memory processing

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Mémoire émotionnelle normale et pathologique (implication des glucocorticoïdes intra-hippocampiques)

Une mémoire émotionnelle normale se base sur la sélection de stimuli prédictifs d un événement important pour l individu. Cependant, ce processus de sélection peut être compromis en situation de forte intensité émotionnelle. En particulier, la sélection d un élément saillant non nécessairement prédictif, associée à une amnésie de type déclaratif pour les éléments contextuels, caractérise les altérations mnésiques de l état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT). Les données de la littérature suggèrent que l action de glucocorticoïdes dans l hippocampe serait l une des causes possibles du développement de troubles mnésiques de type ESPT. Nos travaux ont porté sur les conditions dans lesquelles les glucocorticoïdes dans l hippocampe peuvent altérer les fonctions mnésiques chez la souris.En utilisant des procédures de conditionnement classique aversif, nous montrons que l injection post-apprentissage de corticostérone dans l hippocampe dorsal, en situation de forte intensité émotionnelle, conduit (1) à une sélection incorrecte du stimulus saillant non prédictif du choc électrique au détriment des éléments contextuels (2) et à des dysfonctionnements d activité neuronale au sein du circuit hippocampo-amygdalien (expression de c-Fos). De façon intéressante, par une action sur le même type de récepteurs (aux glucocorticoïdes, GR), l injection de corticostérone dans l hippocampe ventral conduit également à un processus incorrect de sélection du stimulus prédictif mais en faveur des éléments contextuels. Enfin, un apprentissage en labyrinthe radiaire révèle que l injection de corticostérone dans l hippocampe dorsal altère spécifiquement la mémoire relationnelle, analogue de la mémoire déclarative humaine, uniquement chez les animaux ayant été au préalable exposés à un stress.L ensemble de nos données révèlent qu un excès de glucocorticoïdes dans l hippocampe contribue (1) à des déficits de mémoires émotionnelle et relationnelle, (2) à la sélection inadaptée de stimuli non prédictifs d un événement aversif (3) reposant sur des dysfonctionnements du circuit hippocampo-amygdalien, le tout, correspondant à des altérations mnésiques de type ESPT.Normal emotional memory is based on the selection of cues predicting threatening events. However, exposure to extreme threatening situation can compromise the selection of the correct cues. In particular, selection of a salient not necessarily predictive cue, associated with declarative amnesia for peritraumatic contextual cues, characterizes the memory disturbances of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating evidence suggest that action of glucocorticoids into the hippocampus could be a potential mechanism for PTSD-related memory disturbances. Hence, we studied the conditions for which glucocorticoids into the hippocampus can alter memory functions in mice.Using Pavlovian fear conditioning, we showed that post-training infusion of glucocorticoids in the dorsal hippocampus, in stressful situation, resulted in (1) selection of a salient non predictive cue instead of contextual cues and in (2) dysfunctions of neural activity of the hippocampal-amygdalar circuit (c-Fos expression). Interestingly, via action on the same receptor subtype (glucocorticoid receptors, GR), infusion of glucocorticoids in the ventral hippocampus also resulted in incorrect selection of predictive cue but in favor of contextual cues. Finally, using radial-maze task, we showed that infusion of glucocorticoids in the dorsal hippocampus specifically impaired relational declarative-like memory, only in mice previously exposed to stress.Altogether, our findings reveal that excess glucocorticoids in the hippocampus contributes to (1) deficits in emotional and relational memories, (2) incorrect selection of predictive cues (3) based to dysfunctions of the hippocampal-amygdalar circuit, all, corresponding to PTSD-related memory disturbances.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Adaptive emotional memory: the key hippocampal-amygdalar interaction

For centuries philosophical and clinical studies have emphasized a fundamental dichotomy between emotion and cognition, as, for instance, between behavioral/emotional memory and explicit/representative memory. However, the last few decades cognitive neuroscience have highlighted data indicating that emotion and cognition, as well as their underlying neural networks, are in fact in close interaction. First, it turns out that emotion can serve cognition, as exemplified by its critical contribution to decision-making or to the enhancement of episodic memory. Second, it is also observed that reciprocally cognitive processes as reasoning, conscious appraisal or explicit representation of events can modulate emotional responses, like promoting or reducing fear. Third, neurobiological data indicate that reciprocal amygdalar-hippocampal influences underlie such mutual regulation of emotion and cognition. While supporting this view, the present review discusses experimental data, obtained in rodents, indicating that the hippocampal and amygdalar systems not only regulate each other and their functional outcomes, but also qualify specific emotional memory representations through specific activations and interactions. Specifically, we review consistent behavioral, electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical and imaging data unveiling a direct contribution of both the amygdala and hippocampal-septal system to the identification of the predictor of a threat in different situations of fear conditioning. Our suggestion is that these two brain systems and their interplay determine the selection of relevant emotional stimuli, thereby contributing to the adaptive value of emotional memory. Hence, beyond the mutual quantitative regulation of these two brain systems described so far, we develop the idea that different activations of the hippocampus and amygdala, leading to specific configurations of neural activity, qualitatively impact the formation of emotional memory representations, thereby producing either adaptive or maladaptive fear memories

False Opposing Fear Memories Are Produced as a Function of the Hippocampal Sector Where Glucocorticoid Receptors Are Activated

International audienceInjection of corticosterone (CORT) in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) can mimic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—related memory in mice: both maladaptive hypermnesia for a salient but irrelevant simple cue and amnesia for the traumatic context. However, accumulated evidence indicates a functional dissociation within the hippocampus such that contextual learning is primarily associated with the DH whereas emotional processes are more linked to the ventral hippocampus (VH). This suggests that CORT might have different effects on fear memories as a function of the hippocampal sector preferentially targeted and the type of fear learning (contextual vs. cued) considered. We tested this hypothesis in mice using CORT infusion into the DH or VH after fear conditioning, during which a tone was either paired (predicting-tone) or unpaired (predicting-context) with the shock. We first replicate our previous results showing that intra-DH CORT infusion impairs contextual fear conditioning while inducing fear responses to the not predictive tone. Second, we show that, in contrast, intra-VH CORT infusion has opposite effects on fear memories: in the predicting-tone situation, it blocks tone fear conditioning while enhancing the fear responses to the context. In both situations, a false fear memory is formed based on an erroneous selection of the predictor of the threat. Third, these opposite effects of CORT on fear memory are both mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation, and reproduced by post-conditioning stress or systemic CORT injection. These findings demonstrate that false opposing fear memories can be produced depending on the hippocampal sector in which the GRs are activated. © Copyright © 2020 Kaouane, Ducourneau, Marighetto, Segal and Desmedt

Dissociated roles for the lateral and medial septum in elemental and contextual fear conditioning

Extensive evidence indicates that the septum plays a predominant role in fear learning, yet the direction of this control is still a matter of debate. Increasing data suggest that the medial (MS) and lateral septum (LS) would be differentially required in fear conditioning depending on whether a discrete conditional stimulus (CS) predicts, or not, the occurrence of an aversive unconditional stimulus (US). Here, using a tone CS-US pairing (predictive discrete CS, context in background) or unpairing (context in foreground) conditioning procedure, we show, in mice, that pretraining inactivation of the LS totally disrupted tone fear conditioning, which, otherwise, was spared by inactivation of the MS. Inactivating the LS also reduced foreground contextual fear conditioning, while sparing the higher level of conditioned freezing to the foreground (CS-US unpairing) than to the background context (CS-US pairing). In contrast, inactivation of the MS totally abolished this training-dependent level of contextual freezing. Interestingly, inactivation of the MS enhanced background contextual conditioning under the pairing condition, whereas it reduced foreground contextual conditioning under the unpairing condition. Hence, the present findings reveal a functional dissociation between the LS and the MS in Pavlovian fear conditioning depending on the predictive value of the discrete CS. While the requirement of the LS is crucial for the appropriate processing of the tone CS-US association, the MS is crucial for an appropriate processing of contextual cues as foreground or background information