Schizophrénie, approche spécialisée et continuité de soins. Le programme spécifique d’intervention Premier-Épisode de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis

La schizophrénie est une maladie complexe à caractère évolutif. Reposant sur un cadre conceptuel d'orientation cognitive, le programme spécifique d'intervention Premier épisode de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis fournit une évaluation complète et standardisée au plan individuel et familial. Puis sont rendues disponibles différentes modalités de traitement, selon une approche individuelle (psycho-éducation, psychothérapie) et de groupe (intervention psychologique au plan cognitif ou Integrated Psychological Therapy, de Brenner). L'intervention psycho-éducative familiale est également offerte aux familles. Les structures et la démarche décrites s'harmonisent avec celles qui étaient en place avant la création du programme, ce qui offre une continuité de soins. Le cadre conceptuel sous-jacent et les modalités du fonctionnement du programme sont aussi présentés.Schizophrenia is a complex illness with an evolutive character. Based on a conceptual framework of cognitive orientation, the specific intervention program First Episode of Hôtel-Dieu in Lévis includes a complete and standardized assessment to an individualized and family plan. Different methods of treatment acording to an individualized approach (psyhco-education, psychotherapy) as well as group therapy (psychological intervention at the cognitive level or Brenner's Integrated psychological therapy) are then proposed. Psycho-education intervention for families is also offered. Structures and different steps described here, harmonize with those already in place before the program's creation thus offering a continuity in care. The underlying conceptual framework and the different methods of functioning of the program are also presented.La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad compleja da caracter evolu-tivo. El programa especifico de intervention Primer episodio de Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis que reposa en un marco conceptual de orientaciôn cognoscitiva, ofrece una evaluaciôn compléta y estandarizada a nivel individual y familiar. Ademâs se ofrecen diferentes modalidades de tratamiento, segûn un enfoque individual (psicoeducaciôn, psicoterapia) y de grupo (intervenciôn psicolôgica a nivel cognoscitivo o Integrated psychological therapy, de Brenner). Igualmente se le ofrece a las fami-lias, la Intervenciôn psioeducativa familiar. Las estructuras y los pasos a seguir que se describen se armonizan a las que ya existian antes de la creation del programa, Io que ofrece una continuidad de tratamiento. Son presentados, el marco conceptual subyacente y las modalidades del fucionamiento des programa

Bioinformatics: decoding the genome

Extracting the fundamental genomic sequence from the DNA From Genome to Sequence : Biology in the early 21st century has been radically transformed by the availability of the full genome sequences of an ever increasing number of life forms, from bacteria to major crop plants and to humans. The lecture will concentrate on the computational challenges associated with the production, storage and analysis of genome sequence data, with an emphasis on mammalian genomes. The quality and usability of genome sequences is increasingly conditioned by the careful integration of strategies for data collection and computational analysis, from the construction of maps and libraries to the assembly of raw data into sequence contigs and chromosome-sized scaffolds. Once the sequence is assembled, a major challenge is the mapping of biologically relevant information onto this sequence: promoters, introns and exons of protein-encoding genes, regulatory elements, functional RNAs, pseudogenes, transposons, etc. The methodological approaches and data requirements for genome annotation will be discussed, as well as user interfaces for exploring genomes. Polymorphic variation in the human genome and susceptibility to disease : One of the main features revealed by the completion of the human genome is the large amount of polymorphic sequence variation present in human populations, such that on average any two chromosomes differ every 600 - 800 base pairs. The majority of these sequence variants are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), although other types of polymorphisms exist. So far around 5 million SNPs have been validated, and an international consortium has been set-up to characterize the main features of human variation in different populations (www.hapmap.org). Although most of the sequence variation in the human genome is thought to be neutral, a fraction of it is known to have functional consequences, for instance, modifying the activity/function of a protein or affecting the spatio-temporal regulation of a gene. As such, functional sequence variants underlie a substantial proportion of phenotypic variability including quantitative traits, susceptibility to common disorders (for example Diabetes, Asthma), and differential response to drugs. One of the main challenges of modern genomics is to identify specific SNPs associated to phenotypic states (discrete or continuous). Over the last two years there have been remarkable advances in genotyping technology and conceptual frame-works that make it possible for the first time to perform truly genome-wide studies. However substantial challenges remain concerning how best to extract the information in view of problems such as multiple hypothesis testing and non-additive gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Finding the genes in the genome and associating them with a particular disease. Building models of biological processes from the information in the data, and using simulation to make further predictions : In the post-genomic era, our attention is turning to how to assemble the "pieces of the jigsaw puzzle" together into realistic and dynamic models of complex biological systems, and to try to understand what may be the fundamental principles governing how cells, organs and organisms have come about, and can evolve. One might say that this is a search for a biological "theory of everything"! In this talk, we examine some possible such principles, and how they could be used to infer computational models from experimental data -- a discipline now becoming known as "systems biology." Systems biology poses many interesting experimental and computational challenges. By examining several illustrative examples we hope to show how it might be possible to predict the behaviours of complex biological systems. The examples we choose are: (a) genetic and protein interaction networks at the intracellular level (b) simulation studies of whole organs, which show how models at the cellular level can be integrated into complete and useful models of entire systems such as the heart. We also briefly examine some of the implications of systems biology for drug discovery, human health and the environment. Measuring protein composition and protein 3-D structures - Important information in the design of new drugs : Molecular dynamics can be used to simulate the time evolution of microscopic system. Biological systems like DNA, lipid membranes and, most importantly, proteins have been intensively studied using these techniques. The various steps involved in molecular dynamics simulations of proteins will be presented, together with their applications to biological phenomenon. In particular, results of simulations performed on important proteins of the immune system will be given and how these data can be used to optimize cancer treatment will be shown. Using DNA microarrays as powerful detectors of the "genes at work", and thereby determining the mechanisms that control our bodies and our health - From Gene Chips to Regulatory Networks : The completion of the draft sequence of the human genome has raised public awareness of “genomics” and of the ways in which the emerging technologies of the genomics “revolution” will have direct applications to research as well as patient care.This information will be instrumental to decipher the role and function of the various elements present on our chromosomes. Microarrays, and in particular Affymetrix GeneChips®, have emerged as one very powerful technology to investigate our genome. These small glass arrays contain millions of short oligonucleotide (DNA strands) synthesized by photolithography. These tools enable to query for example the level of gene expression or the interactions of regulatory proteins with the DNA in a highly parallel manner. Cross comparisons and integration of the data using appropriate bioinformatics approaches lead to the elucidation of biological regulatory networks

A 0.8V 2.4GHz 1Mb/s GFSK RF transceiver with on-chip DC-DC converter in a standard 0.18µm CMOS technology

A low-energy 2.4GHz RF transceiver supporting 1Mb/s Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying modulation and designed to run on a 1.5V battery is implemented in a standard 0.18μm CMOS technology. The integrated DC-DC converter can provide up to 100mA to an external load besides the current required by the transceiver. The transmitter current at 0dBm nominal output power is 11.9mA. The receiver draws 11.4mA and presents a sensitivity of -82.5dBm at a bit-error rate of 0.1% with the on-chip DC-DC converter delivering a total of 120mA. The transceiver is able to operate at a supply voltage as low as 0.8V