LE DEVELOPPEMENT TERRITORIAL DURABLE

Rapport d’activité sur l'urbanisme durabl

Contribution du développement territorial à la réduction de l'effet de serre

editorial reviewedLa CPDT s’est engagée à montrer l’efficacité, en terme de réduction d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), de différentes mesures individuelles ou combinées liées à la mobilité, l’aménagement du territoire et à l’urbanisme. Les résultats de cette recherche ont fait l’objet de cette note, rédigée de façon à pouvoir être largement diffusée et directement « opérationnalisable » par les différents responsables politiques et administratifs, de même que par les agents économiques.Recherche CPDT 2002-2005 Adhésion de la Région wallonne au Protocole de Kyoto - Mesures à prendre en aménagement du territoire pour faciliter le respect des engagements wallons et pour pallier les effets du réchauffement climatique7. Affordable and clean energy11. Sustainable cities and communities13. Climate actio

Protocole de Kyoto : aménagement du territoire, mobilité et urbanisme

L'ouvrage analyse différentes mesures pour faciliter l'adhésion de la Région wallonne au Protocole de Kyoto. Trois types de mesures sont présentées en vue de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : des mesures pour limiter la croissance de la mobilité en voiture; pour améliorer les performances énergétiques en matière d'urbanisme et pour limiter les effets de la modification des régimes hydriques.Evaluation de mesures pour faciliter l'adhésion de la Région wallonne au Protocole de Kyoto et pour limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serr

Carbohydrate Metabolism Is Essential for the Colonization of Streptococcus thermophilus in the Digestive Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats

Streptococcus thermophilus is the archetype of lactose-adapted bacterium and so far, its sugar metabolism has been mainly investigated in vitro. The objective of this work was to study the impact of lactose and lactose permease on S. thermophilus physiology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of gnotobiotic rats. We used rats mono-associated with LMD-9 strain and receiving 4.5% lactose. This model allowed the analysis of colonization curves of LMD-9, its metabolic profile, its production of lactate and its interaction with the colon epithelium. Lactose induced a rapid and high level of S. thermophilus in the GIT, where its activity led to 49 mM of intra-luminal L-lactate that was related to the induction of mono-carboxylic transporter mRNAs (SLC16A1 and SLC5A8) and p27Kip1 cell cycle arrest protein in epithelial cells. In the presence of a continuous lactose supply, S. thermophilus recruited proteins involved in glycolysis and induced the metabolism of alternative sugars as sucrose, galactose, and glycogen. Moreover, inactivation of the lactose transporter, LacS, delayed S. thermophilus colonization. Our results show i/that lactose constitutes a limiting factor for colonization of S. thermophilus, ii/that activation of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism constitutes the metabolic signature of S. thermophilus in the GIT, iii/that the production of lactate settles the dialogue with colon epithelium. We propose a metabolic model of management of carbohydrate resources by S. thermophilus in the GIT. Our results are in accord with the rationale that nutritional allegation via consumption of yogurt alleviates the symptoms of lactose intolerance

Contribution du développement territorial à la reduction de l’effet de serre

Selon le programme de travail 2002-2005 de la CPDT, le thème 2 - contribution du développement territorial à la réduction de l’effet de serre - s’est engagé à montrer l’efficacité, en terme de réduction d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), de différentes mesures individuelles ou combinées liées à la mobilité, l’aménagement du territoire et à l’urbanisme. Les résultats ont fait l’objet d’un rapport de synthèse rédigé de façon à pouvoir être largement diffusé et directement « opérationnalisable » par les différents responsables politiques et administratifs, de même que par les agents économiques

Genotyping of French <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Strains Based on 31-Loci Multi Locus VNTR Analysis: Epidemiology, Marker Evaluation, and Update of the Internet Genotype Database

<div><p>Background</p><p><i>Bacillus anthracis</i> is known to have low genetic variability. In spite of this lack of diversity, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including the canonical SNPs assay (canSNP) have proved to be highly effective to differentiate strains. Five different MLVA schemes based on a collection of 31 VNTR loci (MLVA8, MLVA15, MLVA20, MLVA25 and MLVA31) with increased resolving power have been described.</p><p>Results</p><p>MLVA31 was applied to characterize the French National Reference Laboratory collection. The total collection of 130 strains is resolved in 35 genotypes. The 119 veterinary and environmental strains collection in France were resolved into 26 genotypes belonging to three canSNP lineages and four MLVA clonal complexes (CCs) with particular geographical clustering. A subset of seven loci (MLVA7) is proposed to constitute a first line assay. The loci are compatible with moderate resolution equipment such as agarose gel electrophoresis and show a good congruence value with MLVA31. The associated MLVA and SNP data was imported together with published genotyping data by taking advantage of major enhancements to the MLVAbank software and web site.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The present report provides a wide coverage of the genetic diversity of naturally occurring <i>B. anthracis</i> strains in France as can be revealed by MLVA. The data obtained suggests that once such coverage is achieved, it becomes possible to devise optimized first-line MLVA assays comprising a sufficiently low number of loci to be typed either in one multiplex PCR or on agarose gels. Such a selection of seven loci is proposed here, and future similar investigations in additional countries will indicate to which extend the same selection can be used worldwide as a common minimum set. It is hoped that this approach will contribute to an efficient and low-cost routine surveillance of important pathogens for biosecurity such as <i>B. anthracis</i>.</p></div

List of 32 published <i>B. anthracis</i> VNTR markers.

a<p>Keim et al. 2000 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Keim2" target="_blank">[6]</a>;</p>b<p>Le Flèche et al. 2001 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-LeFlche1" target="_blank">[10]</a>;</p>c<p>Keim et al. 2004 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Keim3" target="_blank">[15]</a>;</p>d<p>Lista et al. 2006 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Lista1" target="_blank">[11]</a>;</p>e<p>Leski et al. 2009 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Leski1" target="_blank">[43]</a>.</p><p>*Locus not currently used due to some large amplicon sizes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-LeFlche1" target="_blank">[10]</a>. The numerical allele coding convention is as published by Keim et al., <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Keim2" target="_blank">[6]</a>, Lista et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Lista1" target="_blank">[11]</a> and Antwerpen et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131-Antwerpen1" target="_blank">[26]</a>, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095131#pone.0095131.s001" target="_blank">Data S1</a> for more details on the coding conventions and comparison with alternative coding conventions.</p