522 research outputs found
Study of viral nuclear transport: system based on the ''Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer'' (FRET)
Staracadémioscopie : la biographie d'un concept expérientiel de divertissement
Situé au carrefour de plusieurs voies de recherche en comportement du consommateur, ce travail de recherche s'enracine dans la perspective postmoderne et s'oriente vers un axe qualitatif, en empruntant à la sociologie et à l'anthropologie plusieurs concepts méthodologiques. Ce mémoire propose une lecture originale du "PhénomÚne Star Académie" au Québec, en s'intéressant à la sous culture de consommation des fans. Commercialisé pour l'expérience de divertissement extraordinaire qu'il offre, et consommé comme une aventure humaine singuliÚre, ce concept présente une perspective de recherche intéressante suivant deux angles d'observation complémentaires. Ce mémoire ambitionne d'exposer la biographie d'une expérience de consommation, celle du concept de divertissement Star Académie 2004, en faisant part de son itinéraire expérientiel depuis sa marchandisation jusqu'à son appropriation. Ainsi, l'auteure démontre qu'une co-production de performance -émanant des producteurs et consommateurs- peut modifier la biographie d'une expérience de consommation, et par conséquent son succÚs commercial
Urban stormwater source control policies: why and how?
International audienceStormwater source control is becoming a common strategy for urban stormwater management in many countries. It relies on regulations or other policy instruments compelling or inciting to implement, for each new urban development, small-scale facilities to locally store and manage stormwater. Local authorities that pioneered source control since the 1980s have already observed that small-scale facilities systematically implemented over a catchment are able to influence its hydrological behaviour. This capability is the main strength of source control, as it allows compensation for the negative effects of urbanization. Yet, it also represents its main risk: if initial decision-making is not sufficiently accurate, source control can produce long term negative effects. Because of its current spreading, source control will acquire an increasing role as a driver of hydrological changes in urban catchments, and the directions of these changes depend on current policy-making practices. This paper presents an analysis and a critical discussion of the main objectives that policy-makers attribute to stormwater source control. The investigation is based on a sample of French case studies, completed by a literature review for international comparison. It identifies four main objectives, some typical of urban stormwater management and some more innovative: flood reduction, receiving waters protection, sustainable development, costs reduction. The discussion focuses on how current policy-making practices are able to translate these objectives in concrete policy instruments, and on which knowledge and tools could improve this process. It is shown that for some objectives, basic knowledge is available, but the creation of policy instruments effective at the catchment scale and adapted to local conditions is still problematic. For others, substantial lacks of knowledge exist, casting doubts on long term effectiveness of current policy instruments. Research directions are identified to improve source control policies and thus the future hydrologic behaviour of many urban catchments
Lâutilisation de ressources alternatives Ă lâeau potable rĂ©vĂ©latrice dâun nouveau rapport Ă lâeau en ville. Analyse des controverses autour de la conservation du rĂ©seau dâeau non potable Paris.
Cet article cherche Ă comprendre pourquoi et comment se pose aujourdâhui la question de la rĂ©habilitation du rĂ©seau dâeau non potable parisien. La confĂ©rence de consensus ainsi que les Ă©tudes et sĂ©minaires qui ont suivi ont Ă©tĂ© lâoccasion de discuter de lâutilisation de cette ressource, ainsi que dâautres ressources alternatives telle que lâeau de pluie, pour des usages urbains existants ou potentiels. A travers lâanalyse de ces dĂ©bats et des enjeux sous-tendus, nous dĂ©fendons la thĂšse que l'utilisation de lâeau non potable passe par une « dĂ©marche patrimoniale » apparemment paradoxale puisque signifiant non pas la conservation du patrimoine de rĂ©seau dâeau non potable existant mais lâinvention de nouveaux usages dont la faisabilitĂ© et lâacceptabilitĂ© par lâensemble des acteurs concernĂ©es doit ĂȘtre vĂ©rifiĂ©e, dâune mise en compatibilitĂ© avec une rĂ©glementation aujourdâhui inadĂ©quate et la reconfiguration en consĂ©quence dudit rĂ©seau. Dans la mĂ©tropole parisienne, la rĂ©habilitation du double rĂ©seau conduit ainsi Ă poser la question bien plus gĂ©nĂ©rale du rapport Ă lâeau des acteurs de lâeau et de lâassainissement (Eau de Paris, le SIAAP) mais aussi des usagers, quâils sâagissent des grands consommateurs (les services municipaux) ou du « grand public » parisien. Son maintien pose de maniĂšre assez abrupte la question de savoir quels usages existants doivent ĂȘtre encouragĂ©s, quels nouveaux usages sont envisageables mais aussi quelles ressources (eau dâexhaure, eau brute, eau de pluie) peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour le rĂ©seau dâeau non potable ou parallĂšlement Ă celui-ci. Nous Ă©tudions donc dans une premiĂšre partie le basculement opĂ©rĂ© lors de la confĂ©rence de consensus vers une patrimonialisation du RENP. Comment lâĂ©laboration et la mise en Ćuvre de cette procĂ©dure dite de confĂ©rence de consensus a-t-elle permis de remettre en dĂ©bat, et dâinvalider lâexpertise existante ? Que signifie cette performance opĂ©rĂ©e au terme de la confĂ©rence en termes de gestion future du rĂ©seau ?La deuxiĂšme partie de lâarticle est consacrĂ©e Ă lâidentification et lâanalyse des potentialitĂ©s offertes par le RENP, tant en ce qui concerne les usages (deux usages sont approfondis : la rĂ©gulation du climat urbain et lâarrosage des espaces verts) quâen ce qui concerne les diffĂ©rents types de ressources. Cette analyse des potentialitĂ©s est doublĂ©e dans la troisiĂšme partie dâune Ă©tude de lâacceptabilitĂ© sociale et politique dâun approvisionnement protĂ©iforme en eau non potable (eau brute de riviĂšre, eau dâexhaure et eau de pluie). Il sâagit de comprendre, dans une perspective exploratoire, dâune part les reprĂ©sentations que le grand public se fait de cet approvisionnement lorsquâon lui suggĂšre cette possibilitĂ©, dâautre part la maniĂšre dont les grands producteurs et les grands consommateurs ressentent les opportunitĂ©s et les contraintes dâune telle solution.La quatriĂšme et derniĂšre partie est consacrĂ©e Ă une analyse de la lĂ©gislation et de la rĂ©glementation relative aux ressources alternatives Ă lâeau potable. Elle permet dâidentifier les grandes logiques Ă lâĆuvre dans la façon dont le droit se saisit de ces objets et de suggĂ©rer des pistes de rĂ©forme
Do stormwater source control policies deliver the right hydrologic outcomes?
International audienceThe number of stormwater source control (SC) regulations adopted by local authorities is rapidly growing in many countries. We can expect that, in the near future, the hydrologic behavior of many urban and periurban catchments will reflect this diffusion. This paper discusses SC regulations through two complementary approaches: starting on three French case-studies, it analyzes how regulations are developed today and identifies a set of shortcuts in policy-making practices. Then, the hydrologic model of a periurban catchment in the Paris region is used to test the impacts that these regulations can produce if widely applied. The main finding is that inertia in policy-making, driving a singular focus on flow-rate based regulations, can produce negative impacts in the long-term. Further efforts on volume-based regulations are advocated, both in terms of research and policy-making. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
De lâAMI aux ABI La libre circulation des capitaux en marche
Le libre Ă©change mondial des capitaux, expression et moyen du triomphe du libĂ©ralisme comme mode de pensĂ©e de la sociĂ©tĂ©, sâest exposĂ© trop crument lors de la nĂ©gociation de lâaccord multilatĂ©ral sur la protection de lâinvestissement (AMI). Une stratĂ©gie de contournement est mise en place Ă travers le tissage dâun rĂ©seau dâaccords bilatĂ©raux (ABI). Lâarticle fournit une analyse des glissements de sens que comportent ces accords bilatĂ©raux. Sous le couvert dâaccords techniques avancent les chevaux de Troie du libre marchĂ© globalisĂ©.Global free movement of capital, an expression and a means of the triumph of economic liberalism as the prevailing way of thinking was shown bluntly during the negotiation of multilateral agreement on investment protection (AMI). A circumventing strategy was set up through the construction of a network of bilateral agreements (ABI). The article provides an analysis of marked shifts in meaning such agreements entail. Under the pretext of technical agreements, global free market Trojan horses are making much headway.La libre circulaciĂłn mundial de los capitales, simultaneamente expresiĂłn y medio del triĂșnfo del liberalismo como modo de pensar la sociedad, se expuso de manera demasiado cruda durante la negociaciĂłn del acuerdo multilateral sobre la protecciĂłn de las inversiones (AMI). Una estrategia de contorno es establecida sobre la base de un tejido de acuerdos multilaterales (ABI). Este artĂculo analiza los deslices del sentido que comportan estos acuerdos multilaterales. Es bajo el aspecto de estos acuerdos tĂ©cnicos que avanzan los caballos de Troya del libre mercado globalizado
Impact of the Guinea coast upwelling on atmospheric dynamics, precipitation and pollutant transport over southern West Africa
In West Africa, the zonal band of precipitation is generally located around the southern coast in June before migrating northward towards the Sahel in late June/early July. This gives way to a relative dry season for coastal regions from CĂŽte d'Ivoire to Benin called âlittle dry seasonâ, which lasts until SeptemberâOctober. Previous studies have noted that the coastal rainfall cessation in early July seems to coincide with the emergence of an upwelling along the Guinea coast. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms by which this upwelling impacts precipitation, using a set of numerical simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting regional atmospheric model (WRF v 3.7.1). Sensitivity experiments highlight the response of the atmospheric circulation to an intensification or reduction of the strength of the coastal upwelling. They clearly show that the coastal upwelling emergence is responsible for the cessation of coastal precipitation by weakening the northward humidity transport, thus decreasing the coastal convergence of the humidity transport and inhibiting the deep atmospheric convection. In addition, the diurnal cycle of the low-level circulation plays a critical role: the land breeze controls the seaward convergence of diurnal anomaly of humidity transport, explaining the late nightâearly morning peak observed in coastal precipitation. The emergence of the coastal upwelling strongly attenuates this peak because of a reduced landâsea temperature gradient in the night and a weaker land breeze. The impact on the inland transport of anthropogenic pollution is also shown with numerical simulations of aerosols using the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model: warmer (colder) sea surface temperature (SST) increases (decreases) the inland transport of pollutants, especially during the night, suggesting an influence of the upwelling intensity on the coastal low-level jet. The mechanisms described have important consequences for inland humidity transport and the predictability of the West African monsoon precipitation in summer.</p
SolarEV City Concept for Paris: A promising idea?
Urban decarbonization is one of the pillars for strategies to achieve carbon
neutrality around the world. However, the current speed of urban
decarbonization is insufficient to keep pace with efforts to achieve this goal.
Rooftop PVs integrated with electric vehicles (EVs) as battery is a promising
technology capable to supply CO2-free, affordable, and dispatchable electricity
in urban environments (SolarEV City Concept). Here, we evaluated Paris, France
for the decarbonization potentials of rooftop PV + EV in comparison to the
surrounding suburban area Ile-de-France and Kyoto, Japan. We assessed various
scenarios by calculating the energy sufficiency, self-consumption,
self-sufficiency, cost savings, and CO2 emission reduction of the PV + EV
system or PV only system. The combination of EVs with PVs by V2H or V2B systems
at the city or region level was found to be more effective in Ile-de-France
than in Paris suggesting that SolarEV City is more effective for geographically
larger area including Paris. If implemented at a significant scale, they can
add substantial values to rooftop PV economics and keep a high self-consumption
and self-sufficiency, which also allows bypassing the classical battery storage
that is too expensive to be profitable. Furthermore, the systems potentially
allow rapid CO2 emissions reduction; however, with already low-carbon
electricity of France by nuclear power, CO2 abatement (0.020 kgCO2kWh-1
reduction from 0.063 kgCO2kWh-1) by PV + EV system can be limited, in
comparison to that (0.270 kgCO2kWh-1 reduction from 0.352 kgCO2kWh-1) of Kyoto,
also because of the Paris low insolation and high demands in higher latitude
winter. While the SolarEV City Concept can help Paris to move one step closer
to the carbon neutrality goal, there are also implementation challenges for
installing PVs in Paris
Lâanalyse du discours des organisations internationales. Un vaste champ encore peu explorĂ©
Les organisations internationales font partie de ces appareils politico-administratifs qui ont lâhabitude de produire une plĂ©thore de textes. La rĂ©fĂ©rence la plus directement associĂ©e Ă cette notion dâorganisation internationale renvoie Ă la rĂ©alitĂ© institutionnelle du systĂšme onusien, dont le soleil fut longtemps lâassemblĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale de lâONU entourĂ©e de ses nombreuses agences mondiales satellites. Dans ce cas, les corpus de textes quâil est possible de rassembler peuvent chronologiquement c..
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