Breakfast frequency and fruit and vegetable consumption in Belgian adolescents a cross-sectional study

Purpose - Several cross-sectional studies reported that breakfast skipping and a poor consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with overweight and obesity-related morbidities. In this respect healthy eating habits such as regular breakfast and a sufficient intake of fruit and vegetables are two important items to prevent childhood and adolescent obesity. The purpose of this study is to determine the breakfast frequency and the fruit and vegetable consumption in Belgian adolescents. Design/methodology/approach - A cross-sectional study using pupils contacted by nurses in schools during an information session about female hygiene. On that occasion all pupils (boys and girls) completed a questionnaire concerning their eating habits. Subjects were boys (n=1390) and girls (n=3610) between 12 and 15 years of age from the main three educational programmes (general, technical and occupational programme). Findings - Socio-economic status significantly influenced breakfast frequency with differences between the highest educational programme (general) and the lower technical- and occupational programmes. The use of daily breakfast was respectively 67 versus 49 and 48 per cent for the boys and 60 versus 42 and 39 per cent for the girls). For both sexes breakfast frequency decreased when comparing age groups from 12 with 15 years of age respectively from 67 to 55 per cent for the boys and from 61 to 47 per cent for the girls. Half of the subjects who declared to have overweight (self-image) did not take breakfast at a regular base. Twenty six per cent of the boys of the French speaking part and 19 per cent of the boys of the Flemish speaking part of Belgium declared to take only one or less than one portion of fruit and/or vegetables a day. For the girls the reported intake of one or less than one portion of fruit and/or vegetables was respectively 20 and 16 per cent. Only 13 per cent of the French speaking boys and 10 per cent of the Flemish speaking boys reported an intake of four or more fruits and/or vegetables a day. The percentage of girls reaching an intake of four or more a day was 15 per cent for the two language regions. Fruit and/or vegetable intake was influenced significantly by the educational programme and by the educational level of the mother. In conclusion, healthy eating habits among girls and boys in Belgium (as estimated by breakfast frequency and fruit and/or vegetable intake) are rather poor. These habits are influenced by age, educational programme, self-image and educational level of the mother. Originality/value - In the light of these findings action should be taken to improve the eating habits among Belgian children to prevent childhood obesity.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Particle Sizing By Photon-correlation Spectroscopy .4. Resolution of Bimodals and Comparison With Other Particle Sizing Methods

The practical performances of single and multi-angle photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) for resolving bimodal distributions of industrial poly (methyl methacrylate) samples was investigated in a comparative study by several users affiliated to academic and industrial groups and by two suppliers of commercial equipment. The results for the harmonic intensity averaged diameters obtained by cumulants analysis reported by the different laboratories are in agreement, in addition to the results for the normalized second cumulants. The uncertainty on the latter quantities is large, however. For the bimodal samples with two populations with average diameters in a ratio of about 2.5: 1, not all users were able to resolve the distribution in its components by single-angle PCS. Some slight improvement was obtained by multi-angle PCS. Other indirect techniques (polarization intensity differential scattering, static light scattering data and disc photosedimentometer) appeared to be superior for resolving the bimodal distributions