Problems in the acquisition of Noun Class 11 among Xhosa children

While there has been research on the partial or complete merger of Noun Classes 5 and 11 in a number of Bantu languages, no study has focused specifically on the acquisition of Cl. 11 by Xhosa-speaking children. In this paper we test our hypothesis that Xhosa-speaking children in both urban and rural areas no longer, or very seldom, use Cl. 11 prefixes. We use a number of speechprompting methods: eliciting responses to pictures, story-telling activities and family questionnaires, as well as observations of parent/child and carer/child interactions. We conclude that Xhosa children have internalised a grammar in which both Cl. 11 and Cl. 5 prefixes are acceptable for Cl. 11 Xhosa nouns, with Cl. 5 prefixes and concords being preferred

Incipient merger of Cls 11 and 5 in Xhosa?

In Xhosa, there appears to be an incipient merger between Noun Classes 5 and 11, as revealed by frequent mismatches between Cl. 11 nouns and various concordial elements, and even the replacement of the Cl. 11 noun prefix by that of Cl. 5. In this article we explore possible reasons for this putative merger, and present findings of a pilot study to determine whether such merger is underway. Our data comes from written literature, oral narratives, our own interviews, and cloze tests. Large-scale corpora of conversational speech in various dialects would be necessary for more conclusive results. The fact that this merger is still in progress is revealed by dialectal and idiolectal differences, and by uncertainty or inconsistency on the part of Xhosa-speakers regarding which agreement to use, and it is not possible to say whether there will ultimately be a complete merger, or just a partial merger