Table_2_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.xlsx

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

Table_1_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.xlsx

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

Image_2_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.tiff

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

Table_3_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.xlsx

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

Image_3_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.tiff

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

Image_1_Longitudinal characterization of the captive adult and tadpole Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) microbiome.tiff

IntroductionAt one time thought to be extinct in the wild, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is one of the most critically endangered North American amphibian species. Despite approximately 20 years of ex situ breeding and reintroduction programs, this species remains functionally extinct in the wild. There is concern among those working in these programs that individuals bred in captivity fail to develop a microbiome that withstands the stressors of their native habitat following release. In related species, the skin microbiome has been shown to have a defensive function against common pathogens affecting these animals. However, the early-life microbiome of developing tadpoles in this species remains unknown and, therefore, this defensive function is unexplored in the Wyoming toad.MethodsThis study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to document the baseline microbiome of tadpole and adult Wyoming toads bred for release at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Omaha, Nebraska, USA). We characterized the development of the mucosal microbiome in tadpoles and the mucosal and cloacal microbiome of adult toads.ResultsOur results revealed significant differences between tadpole and adult microbiomes, as well as significant sex-dependent differences within the adult Wyoming toads, in terms of richness and composition.DiscussionThese findings have identified the baseline microbiome of this endangered species and variables significantly influencing its composition in captivity. Ongoing studies of the only extant wild population are expected to identify taxa not found in captive toads, and potentially help 100 design husbandry modifications to maximize survivability following reintroduction to the wild.</p

The GVL launch process for starting self-launched instances of the GVL workbench.

<p><b>(a)</b> A user initiates the launch process via the launch service (<i>launch</i>.<i>genome</i>.<i>edu</i>.<i>au</i>) by providing their cloud credentials to the launcher application and <b>(b)</b> within a few minutes is able to access the management interface (CloudMan) on the deployed instance of the workbench. <b>(c)</b> After workbench services have started, the researcher can use the applications as desired (e.g., Galaxy).</p

A summary of the criteria that would define a general genomics workbench environment, and suggested implications on technical requirements.

<p>A summary of the criteria that would define a general genomics workbench environment, and suggested implications on technical requirements.</p

Summary of specific technical solutions used to meet the design requirements of the GVL.

<p>Summary of specific technical solutions used to meet the design requirements of the GVL.</p

A screenshot of the GVL Dashboard.

<p>The GVL Dashboard is a portal running on every GVL instance. It lists all of the available services, their status, and offers a direct link to access those.</p