Characteristics of the stickwork structure during snare drumming(HUMAN ENVIRONMENT)

Five skilled and 5 unskilled subjects played a snare drum at a rate of 480 bpm after sitting at rest for 6 minutes, then snare drum dynamics were changed from pianissimo, mezzo forte, to fortissimo successively every 3 minutes. The motions were recorded by 2 high-speed video cameras, and 3-dimensional coordinates were calculated using a 3-dimensional DLT method. At the same time, the EMG of the extensor and flexor of the radiocarpal joint, and the acceleration of the mid finger were recorded. Expired gas was simultaneously analyzed to calculate energy expenditure. Accordingly, as the feature was more remarkable at a high sound level, fortissimo was examined in detail by comparing the movement of the skilled group with that of the unskilled group. Although the vertical displacement range of the stick, the speed of the stick tip, and the equivalent sound level did not significantly differ in both groups, the displacement ranges of the hand, forearm, and mid arm, and the energy demand were significantly smaller in the skilled group than in the unskilled group. According to the acceleration data, finger shot was utilized in the skilled group. Furthermore, EMG and video images indicated that the movement of the skilled group was in general earlier and that they utilized the rebound of the stick more effectively

Seasonal Changes of Oxindole Alkaloid Contents in the Stem Segments of Uncaria rhynchophylla (B. LIVING SCIENCE)

The seasonal changes of oxindole alkaloid content in stem segments of Uncaria rhynchophylla were investigated between July 1986 and June 1987. The highest oxindole alkaloid content in the dried stem segments was observed in July 1986,and the content decreased until the next spring, when it started to increase again. In contrast, high biomass production was obtained in winter (November and December). The optimum season to prepare the crude drug from U. rhynchophylla is discussed in relation to oxindole alkaloid content and biomass yield

Effect of Soil Moisture Content on Growth, Crude Drug "Cho-to-ko" Yield and Oxindole Alkaloid Content of Uncaria rhynchophylla (B. LIVING SCIENCE)

Uncaria rhynchophylla was cultivated by using soil with various moisture contents (20,40,60,80 or 100% of the maximum moisture content retained by soil). Both growth and crude drug "Cho-to-ko" (dried stem with hooks of U. rhynchophylla) yield of the plant were in the following order : 60%> 80%> 40%> 100%> 20%, while oxindole alkaloid content of the stem was in the following order : 20%> 60%> 100%> 40%> 80%. It is concluded that moderately wet soil is suitable for cultivation of U. rhynchophylla, in spite of the description in a Chinese literature that sandy soil is good for cultivation of the plants

抹茶の総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸の HPLC-アミノ酸分析機による分析(人間環境学)

抹茶中の総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸をリチウムバッファー系のHPLC-アミノ酸分析機で定量した。総アミノ酸は抹茶を1.0Φ×5cm試験管に入れ, ミニナートバルプ容器(25ml)中で6NHCl蒸気の気相加水分解法によった。遊離アミノ酸は試料抹茶中に2%含まれ, そのうちテアニンが最も多く含まれていた。結合型アミノ酸(蛋白態またはペプチド態アミノ酸)は約14.7%であった。本アミノ酸分析機の検出器は, UV-VIS型であるため, ニンヒドリン反応の停止した状態で, 検出波長を254nm, 280nm, 556nm等で検出でき, 未知着色物質や紫外吸収物質の検出, 分取に利用できる。Free amino acids and total amino acids (6N-HCL hydrolysate at 150℃ for 1hr) in Mat-cha (powdered green tea) were determined with an HPLC-amino acid analyzer using lithium citrate buffers. The Mat-cha contained 2% of free amino acid and about 14.7% of bound amino acid (proteins and peptides). Theanine was the most abundant free amino acid. When the ninhydrin-reagent pump was stopped, the effluent from the HPLC-a.a.analyzer was monitored with a UV-VIS detector at 254nm, 280nm, and 556nm to detect and to collect the unknow compounds of the Mat-cha extract

キムチが有効なカルシウム源となるための最適保存条件(人間環境学)

キムチ中に多く含まれるCaに着目し,市販キムチの購入後の保存に伴う品質変化を調べ,最適保存条件について検討を行った。また,有機酸濃度とCaの可溶化率との関係を調べ,キムチ中のCaの可溶化メカニズムを考察した。4℃保存ではpH,酸度が最適な状態で長く保たれ,この点から見ると4℃保存が品質保持に最も適していると考えられた。塩辛中に含まれると考えられる炭酸カルシウムやリン酸カルシウムの可溶化率は,有機酸濃度が上昇するにしたがって高くなったが,実際のキムチ中のCaの水溶性比率は有機酸濃度が上昇しても高くはならなかった。この理由としては,カルシウムイオンとキムチ中の何らかの物質の結合が起こり不溶化が進んだことが考えられる。いずれの保存温度においてもキムチ中のCaの60～70%は可溶化された状態であり,Ca源として有効であると考えられる。市販キムチの最適保存条件の決定のためには,Ca不溶化のメカニズムの解明はもちろんのこと,官能検査など更なる検討が必要である。There are many fermented foods in East Asian countries. Kimchi which is Korean traditional fermented vegetable food, has many functional properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antimutagenic, etc. There are few studies on either storage condition after purchased or changes of calcium (Ca) form during storage. The purposes of this study are to investigate the quality changes during storage period and to examine the optimum storage conditions that Kimchi can be available source for Ca supply. Kimchi was purchased Korean Kimchi on the market. It was stored at 4℃, 20℃, 30℃ up to 7 weeks. The changes of pH, acidity, organic acid content, ratio of soluble and insoluble Ca form in Kimchi were measured. 1. The pH decreased and acidity of Kimchi increased during storage at 4℃. Their optimum pH was 4.2～4.5 and acidity was 0.4～0.8 %. 2. Lactic acid content increased during storage at each temperature. Especially, it was found that lactic acid content was 2.3g/100g f.wt. for 1 week storage at 30℃. 3. Ca content of Kimchi was 28mg/100g f.wt. and 70% of this was water soluble form. There were few changes at 4℃ and 20℃. The ratio of soluble Ca increased in first storage period and decreased in the middle period. On the latter, it\u27s ratio increased again at 30℃ storage. The optimum storage of Kimchi is a good condition at 4℃ on the point of view of pH, acidity and ratio of soluble Ca

各種の麹納豆中に含まれる総カルシウム, 遊離カルシウム, りん酸, フィチン酸および硝酸の分析(人間環境学)

麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)中の全カルシウム量, 遊離カルシウム量の分析, および全燐酸, 遊離燐酸, フイチン酸, 硝酸イオン含量の定量を行った。これと比較するため糸引き納豆, 米味噌, 八丁味噌, 金山寺味噌の分析・定量も行った。塩納豆は外観はほぼ糸引き納豆に近いものではあるが, 麹味噌の特徴をももっている。浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆は発酵によりフイチン酸含量が減少しており, 硝酸含量は味噌類と同程度であった。これらの結果から麹納豆は糸引き納豆よりカルシウムをはじめZn, Mg, Feなどの利用効率を改善しているものと考えられる。Analyses of total and free calcium, total and free phosphate, phytate and nitrate contents in various Koji Nattoes, Shio-natto, Hama-natto and Daitokuji-natto, were carried out. Itohiki-natto, Rice-Koji Miso, Hattyo Miso, Kinzanji Miso and Kinako were also analysed as samples for comparisons. Sio-natto had an appearance of Itohiki-natto, and was also alike to Koji Miso. Hama-natto and Daitokuji-natto had less phytate content than soybean, so that these Koji Nattoes are good to take nutritional minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc for human nutrition

麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸の分析(人間環境学)

各種, 麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸(6N塩酸, 150℃, 1時間加水分解物)および遊離アミノ酸(水抽出アミノ酸)をクエン酸Li緩衝液イオン交換樹脂法とニンヒドリン発色法によるHPLC-アミノ酸分析機で分析, 定量した。麹納豆のアミノ酸組成の比較のために, きな粉, 味噌, 糸引納豆も同じ前処理条件で操作しアミノ酸分析した。総アミノ酸分析のための加水分解には1.0φ×5cm試験管に各試料を入れ, 6N塩酸0.5ml入れたミニナートバルブ容器(25ml)中にその試験管を2本入れ真空にし, 150℃, 1時間加熱した。きな粉はこれら大豆加工食品中で最も加工度が低いものであるが, 他の発酵食品より水分, 食塩などの含量が低いにもかかわらず遊離アミノ酸含量が0.58%程度であった。きな粉の総アミノ酸量はほぼタンパク質由来と考えられる。糸引き納豆と塩納豆は製造法が似ているものであるが総アミノ酸含量, 遊離アミノ酸含量とも各アミノ酸の組成が類似していた。総アミノ酸合計量に対する遊離アミノ酸合計量の比率はきな粉, 糸引き納豆, みそ, 大徳寺納豆, 塩納豆, 浜納豆の順に高くなり, 加工度, 発酵度合に比例して増加していた。また, 総グルタミン酸量に対する遊離グルタミン酸量の比率は浜納豆の24%が最高で風味に強く影響を与えていた。本研究は平成10∿12年度文部省科学研究費基盤研究(c)の御援助によって行われた。Free amino acids and total amino acids (6N-HCI hydrolysate at 150℃ for 1hr) in koji-nattos were analyzed with an HPLC-amino acid analyzer using lithium citrate buffers and ninhydrin reagent. Amino acids in Kinako and Itohiki-natto were also analyzed under the same condition as that of koji-natto for the comparisons of the amino acid composition among the soybean products. The contents of free amino acids in Kinako was the least among the soybean products analyzed. The compositions and the contents of total and free amino acids in Itohiki-natto and Shio-natto were alike. The ratio of the free amino acid to the total amino acid was low in Kinako, and was higher in Itohiki-natto, Miso, Daitokuji-natto, Shio-natto, and Hama-natto in these order. The ratio in Hama-natto was as high as 0.24,and this high free-amino acid content should enhance the good tastes of this fermented product

ドラム演奏における技能の水準とスティックワークパターンの関係(人間環境学)

To investigate the relationship between skill level and stick work pattern in playing a snare drum, incremental load test of playing snare drum was conducted by 7 skilled and 6 unskilled players at the rate of 15 to 480 beats/min. Expired gas was then analyzed and energy expenditure was calculated. Simultaneously, 3 dimensional high speed video recording was conducted. Consequently, energy demanded of skilled group was significantly lower than that of unskilled group at 480 beats/min. Then the vertical displacement of the center of gravity concerning both upper limb and drumstick of skilled group was significantly smaller. And, on both skilled and unskilled groups, after the center of gravity of drumstick reached its highest point, drumstick tip reached its highest point, successively; the time interval from the former highest point to the latter of the skilled group was significantly longer than that of the unskilled group. This fact means that, concerning skilled group, due to the rotatory motion of drumstick by applying wrist shot and finger shot, contrarily to mainly translational motion in unskilled group, sound pressure level was enabled to equalize to that of unskilled group. The effect, i.e. rotatory motion compensated the low potential energy and short stroke due to small vertical displacement, made the mechanical efficiency of skilled group higher

バスケットボールのチェストパスにおける技能の水準と機械的効率の関係(人間環境学)

バスケットボールの熟練者群と未熟練者群に, A5判大の標的に向かってチェストパスを行わせ, これをビデオカメラで撮影した。その際, 頻度漸増投球動作と, 距離漸増投球動作の2種類を, 別々の日に行わせた。このとき, ボールが標的に命中すると電球の点灯する装置を画面に写し込んで, 命中確率を求めた。ボールの速度は水平成分と鉛直成分に分け, ビデオの画面のコマ数を数えることによって初速度を求め, これをもとに被験者がボールに与えた運動エネルギーを計算した。同時に呼気を分析し, エネルギー消費量を測定した。両者の値をもとに, 効率を求めた。2種類の投球動作おけるデルタ効率の平均値は, いずれにおいても両群に有意差がなかった。その理由は, 次のように考えられる。熟練者では投射角が小さく, 従ってボールの速さは大きく, そのために消費するエネルギーも大きいが, ボールの運動エネルギーに変換されない無駄な動作である内的仕事に消費されるエネルギーは小さい。未熟練者では両者ともこの逆なので, 結果として, デルタ効率の平均値は, 技能の水準に依存しない。頻度漸増投球動作においては, ボールの運動エネルギーの頻度への回帰直線より, 無負荷, すなわち頻度0回/分におけるエネルギー消費量を求めることができたが, 距離漸増投球動作においては, 同様の方法で距離0mにおけるエネルギー消費量を求めることはできなかった。投球可能な最大距離での腰の前進速度は, ボールが手から離れる0.17秒前までは両群間に有意差がなく, 0.17秒から0秒では有意差が存在した。この理由は, 未熟練者は熟練者のように, 下半身に始まり最後に身体全体を大きく前進させ, この運動エネルギーを上肢を介してボールに伝える技能を有さないためであると考えられる。距離漸増投球動作は, 両群とも同じ距離から投げるので, このときの命中確率と純効率を求めて比較した。その結果, 熟練者の方が命中確率が高く, 効率も高かった。To investigate the relationship between skill level and mechanical efficiency concerning chest pass of basketball, 2 kinds of exercise were executed to the target on the wall by 5 skilled and 5 unskilled players. Throwing frequency was increased at one exercise, and the distance to the target was increased at the other exercise gradually at each 3 minutes, respectively. During the exercises energy expenditure was measured by analysis of expired gas, and external work i. e. kinetic energy of the ball which was given by subjects was calculated with video tape recording. Overall delta efficiency of skilled and unskilled players were not different significantly at both 2 exercises. This was caused by the reason that internal work was small but ball speed was large at skilled players. Hitting probability of unskilled players was decreased with the increase in throwing distance, but that of skilled players was maintained up to about 5m. In this range, net efficiency of skilled players was significantly higher than that of unskilled players. The difference was supposed to be derived from mastery of the throwing skill

民生用ビデオカメラによる3次元動作分析用,同期信号発生装置の試作

To analyze 3D motion with 2 household degital camcorders, a synchronizing signal generator constructed by 10 pairs of LEDs and the driving circuit was developed, Ten pieces of red colored 5 cm wide line tape were attached on a L-shaped 1 m long white angle bar at outside surfaces of L-shape with a distance of each 5 cm, and on each red area 2 green LEDs were mounted at both surfaces and these 2 LEDs were connected in series. At video recording, each pair of LEDs (ten pairs in total) were lighted successively for each 1/600 second (1/10 single field time) once each cycle by a singechip mycrocomputer, and this cycle was repeated at intervals of 1 second. The angle bar was set in the vicinity of right or left end of the camera angle, and both outside surfaces of L-shape were trained to 2 camcorders. When an exposure of a camcorder comes across the lighting cycle of LEDs, a certain position and number of LEDs, corresponding to the delay from the lighting of the first pair and the duration of the exposure respectively, are recorded to a camcorder. Based on these records, the time difference of each exposure of 2 camcorders could be calculated, and the coordinates of the subject in the screen image derived from one camcorder could be converted to those synchronized to another camcorder by interpolatio