Demographics, clinical data of idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and Controls.

<p>NS: Not significant, NA: Not analyzed, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.</p><p>* Statistical tests: ANOVA</p><p>^a: IPD vs AD</p><p>^b: IPD vs Controls</p><p>^c: AD vs Controls</p><p>Demographics, clinical data of idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and Controls.</p

Correlations of stereopsis questionnaire scores, and Age, MoCA and the Titmus stereo Fly Test.

<p>AD: Alzheimer’s disease, IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.</p><p>Total: IPD+AD+Controls, Montreal cognitive assessment</p><p>* p<0.05</p><p>**p<0.01</p><p>Correlations of stereopsis questionnaire scores, and Age, MoCA and the Titmus stereo Fly Test.</p

The number of patients, according to the Titmus stereo Fly Test, in three groups.

<p>IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.</p

Scores of stereopsis questionnaire in three groups.

<p>Number: Median value. IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.</p

The number of patients, according to stereopsis questionnaire scores, in three groups.

<p>IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.</p

Associated results of the Titmus Stereo Fly Test, in idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and Controls.

<p>IPD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.</p><p>Associated results of the Titmus Stereo Fly Test, in idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and Controls.</p

Induced gamma-band activity.

<p>(A) Time-frequency activation patterns of induced GBA. (B) Time courses of averaged induced GBA (in 30–50 Hz bands). These were obtained by averaging time-frequency maps from 9 electrodes. At the 250–400 ms epoch, prominent increases in induced GBA were observed for both groups. However, the induced GBA amplitude was significantly different between groups, and locations. Its latency was also significantly different between groups, but not between locations. <i>Post-hoc</i> pairwise comparisons revealed that the significant reduction of induced GBA was observed in RLS patients compared to normal controls. The latency of induced GBA was significantly delayed in RLS group.</p

Spatiotemporal pattern of gamma-band phase synchronization (GBPS).

<p>(A) Temporal evolution of GBPS pattern. Upper and lower panels correspond to control and RLS groups, respectively. The time (ms) indicates the midpoint of the 50 ms interval from which the phase synchronization pattern was obtained. Significant GBPS was observed mainly between the anterior and posterior regions along the midline. However, the GBPS was overall weaker in the RLS group throughout the task performance. The largest difference between two groups was observed at 300–500 ms epoch. At this epoch, although the GBPS remained elevated for both groups, the numbers of significant pairs was much smaller in RLS group compared to normal group. (B) Topographical maps of the number of significant connections at each electrode derived from GBPS maps. Considerable inter-group differences were observed at 300–500 ms epoch. The numbers of significant GBPSs at each electrode was apparently reduced in RLS group compared to normal group at this epoch, especially at the frontal region.</p

Evoked gamma-band activity.

<p>(A) Time-frequency activation patterns of evoked (phase-locked) GBA. (B) The time course of evoked GBA (in 30–50 Hz bands). These were obtained by averaging the time-frequency maps from 9 electrode sites. At the 80–200 ms epoch, remarkable increases in evoked GBA were observed for both groups. There was no significant difference in the amplitude of evoked GBA between groups, and locations. The latency of evoked GBA was also not significantly different between groups, and locations.</p

Demographic data and sleep-related variables.

<p>Abbreviations used: RLS, restless legs syndrome; IRLS, International RLS severity scale; FHx, family history; SSS, Standford sleepiness scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; NS, not significant.</p