Comunidades de palmas en los bosques tropicales de Madre de Dios de la Amazonía Peruana

We studied palm communities, in particular species-richness and abundance, in the tropical rainforests in southeastern Peru in 54 transects (5×500m) covering an area of 13.5 hectares in flood plain, terra firme, terrace and premontane hills. We found 42 palm species in 18 genera in the transects. Terra firme forest had the highest species richness (38 species) followed by floodplain and premontane hills with 27 species and terrace forests with 26 species. The highest palm abundances were found in premontane hill forest which had 3243 palms per hectare and terra firme forest which had 2968 palms per hectare. The floodplain forests were intermediate in palm abundance with 2647 and the terrace forests had the lowest abundance with 1709 palms per hectare. Intermediate sized palms were the most common being represented by 18 species, while large palms were represented with 16 species. There were only eight species of small palms of which one was acaulescent. Only one species of liana palm was registered. Of the 42 species observed in the 54 transects, 20 were cespitose, 21 solitary and two had colonial growth. Seven species were found 40–320 km outside of their previously known range.Estudiamos las comunidades de palmas de los bosques pluviales tropicales del sur de Perú, con especial énfasis en su riqueza de especies y abundancia, utilizando 54 transectas (5×500m), que cubrieron un área de 13.5 hectáreas en planicie inundable, terra firme, terraza y colinas premontanas. Encontramos 42 especies de palmas en las transectas. En el bosque de terra firme se encontró la mayor riqueza de especies (38 especies), seguido por la planicie inundable y las colinas premontanas con 27 especies y los bosques de terraza con 26 especies. Las mayores abundancias se encontraron en el bosque de colinas premontanas, con 3243 palmas por hectárea, y en el bosque de terra firme con 2968 palmas por hectárea. Los bosques de la planicie inundable presentaron una abundancia intermedia con 2647 palmas por hectárea y los bosques de terraza presentaron la menor abundancia con 1709.  Las palmas de tamaño intermedio fueron las más comunes, estando representadas por 18 especies, mientras que las palmas grandes estuvieron representadas por 16 especies. Se encontraron solamente ocho especies de palmas pequeñas, una de las cuales era acaulescente. Sólo se registró una especie de palma trepadora. De las 42 especies observadas en las 54 transectas, 20 fueron cespitosas, 21 solitarias y dos presentaron crecimiento colonial. Siete especies se encontraron 40–320 km fuera del rango de distribución conocido previamente

Challenges in CO₂ transportation: Trends and perspectives

Transportation of CO2 is essential for multiple applications in Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS), e.g., for utilisation in methanol production, enhanced oil recovery, or permanent storage. Currently, the CCUS industry is still in its fancy, and the transportation regulation is still defined from project to project, where the existing quality specifications are tailored to the specific storage or utilisation site. It is estimated that transportation accounts for 25% of the total costs of a CCUS project, and commercialisation cannot be achieved with an infrastructure of high-grade steel together with high purity CO2. The current transportation infrastructure is based on point-to-point transport, where it is believed that it will be challenging to upscale CCUS without a common quality standard. This leaves a knowledge gap in the design, operation, and investment of CO2 transportation. This study includes an evaluation of the challenges that halt the progression in CO2 transportation based on a survey of the literature. Analysing the benefit of establishing an international quality standard for CO2 transportation for CCUS to become a global industry. A detailed description of the initiative policies within CCUS along with the challenges associated with designing the CO2 transportation infrastructure, which arises when chemical reactions form corrosive or scaling compounds. As a result, this study proposes a future action plan to make CO2 transport more feasible by forming a common CO2 quality specification and a material selection based on CO2 quality.Transportation of CO₂ is essential for multiple applications in Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS), e.g., for utilisation in methanol production, enhanced oil recovery, or permanent storage. Currently, the CCUS industry is still in its fancy, and the transportation regulation is still defined from project to project, where the existing quality specifications are tailored to the specific storage or utilisation site. It is estimated that transportation accounts for ~25% of the total costs of a CCUS project, and commercialisation cannot be achieved with an infrastructure of high-grade steel together with high purity CO₂. The current transportation infrastructure is based on point-to-point transport, where it is believed that it will be challenging to upscale CCUS without a common quality standard. This leaves a knowledge gap in the design, operation, and investment of CO₂ transportation. This study includes an evaluation of the challenges that halt the progression in CO₂ transportation based on a survey of the literature. Analysing the benefit of establishing an international quality standard for CO₂ transportation for CCUS to become a global industry. A detailed description of the initiative policies within CCUS along with the challenges associated with designing the CO₂ transportation infrastructure, which arises when chemical reactions form corrosive or scaling compounds. As a result, this study proposes a future action plan to make CO₂ transport more feasible by forming a common CO₂ quality specification and a material selection based on CO₂ quality