Crude and adjusted analysis of the association of birth weight and breastfeeding with carotid intima-media thickness in the cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.

<p>The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil.</p><p>Adjusted for confounding variables: family income at birth; maternal skin color; maternal age at child birth; maternal education; maternal smoking; sex; and skin color</p><p>Crude and adjusted analysis of the association of birth weight and breastfeeding with carotid intima-media thickness in the cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.</p

Distribution of characteristics, interviews and measurements of carotid intima-media thickness in the original cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.

<p>The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil.</p><p>* The total represented the subjects who were interviewed in 2012–13 (n = 3701)</p><p>IMT: intima-media thickness</p><p>Distribution of characteristics, interviews and measurements of carotid intima-media thickness in the original cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.</p

Proportion of all subjects followed up to 30 years and those with pulse wave velocity measurement.

<p>The 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.</p

Crude and adjusted analyses of the association of anthropometric measures of children and accelerated growth during infancy with carotid intima-media thickness in the cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.

<p>The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil.</p><p>Adjusted for confounding variables 1: family income at birth; maternal skin color; maternal age at child birth; maternal education; maternal smoking; birth weight according to age z-score; sex and skin color</p><p>*Adjusted for 1 + height at 30 years</p><p>Crude and adjusted analyses of the association of anthropometric measures of children and accelerated growth during infancy with carotid intima-media thickness in the cohort participants at the follow-up in 2012.</p

Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype: Effect of Birthweight and Weight Gain in Childhood at 23 Years Old

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To evaluate the association of birthweight and weight gain during different periods in childhood with the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HWP).</p><p>Methods</p><p>In 1982, all hospitals births in Pelotas, South Brazil, were identified, and the 5914 liveborn were examined and their mothers interviewed. This population has been followed for several times. In 2004–05, we tried to follow the whole cohort and the subjects were interviewed, examined, and a blood sample was collected. HWP was defined as a triglycerides ≥ 2 mmol/L and a waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men, and triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L and waist circumference ≥ 85 cm for woman. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of the variance was used to obtain adjusted estimates of the prevalence ratio.</p><p>Results</p><p>Subjects whose weight-for-age z-score at mean age of 42 months was one or more standard deviation above the mean, according to gender and age, were 8.77 (95% confidence interval: 2.60; 29.64) times more likely of presenting the HWP than those subjects whose weight-for-age z-score at 42 months was more than one standard deviation below the mean. Among those subjects whose birthweight was adequate-for-gestational age (AGA), conditional weight at 20 months was positively associated to the risk of HWP [relative risk: 1.59 (95%: confidence interval: 1.32; 1.92)], whereas for small for gestational age (SGA) subjects conditional weight was not associated with HWP [relative risk: 1.05 (95% confidence interval: 0.77; 1.43)], p-value for interaction 0.08.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Early weight gain among SGA infants, did not increase the risk of HWP in early adulthood, whereas among those who were AGA, early weight gain increased the risk of the having the phenotype in early adulthood.</p></div

Adjusted * prevalence ratio of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype according to predicted weight at the mean ages of 20 and 42 months in SGA (a) and AGA (b) subjects.

<p>* adjusted for birthweight according to the gestational age z-score, household assets, family income, parental schooling at birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, and maternal prepregnancy body mass index.</p

Mean sex specific adjusted* weight-for-age z-scores of subjects classified as having the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, according to intrauterine growth.

<p><b>The mean weight for age z-score in each strata (small and adequate-for-gestational age) was set to zero, with deviations from the mean expressed as standard deviations (z-scores).</b> * adjusted for birthweight according to the gestational age, household assets, family income, parental schooling at birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, and maternal prepregnancy body mass index.</p

Correlations (Spearman’s ρ) between abdominal fat thicknesses and independent variables in men (n = 1,371) and women (n = 1,434).

<p>Correlations (Spearman’s ρ) between abdominal fat thicknesses and independent variables in men (n = 1,371) and women (n = 1,434).</p

Standardized regression coefficients¹ for visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat distribution according to ancestry markers and socioeconomic position indicators, adjusted for current BMI.

<p>Standardized regression coefficients<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179085#t005fn001" target="_blank">¹</a> for visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat distribution according to ancestry markers and socioeconomic position indicators, adjusted for current BMI.</p

Description of the study sample.

<p>Description of the study sample.</p