RTs in the covert orienting of attention task with exogenous cues in the schizophrenia group (SCZ) and the healthy control group (HC).

<p>Both the main effects of Cuing and SOA for RTs were significant (p<0.01).</p

The grand ERPs at contralateral electrodes.

<p>(a) at SOA 700 ms: left, enhanced N1 component in invalid-cued trials than in valid-cued trials in the healthy control group (HC); right, significantly enhanced N1 component in invalid-cued trials than in valid-cued trials in the schizophrenia group (SCZ); (b) at SOA 1200 ms: left, no significant cuing effect for N1 component in the HC group; right, significantly enhanced N1 component in invalid-cued trials than in valid-cued trials in the SCZ group.</p

The cuing effects on N1 amplitude (μv) at each SOA in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (Mean±S.E.).

<p>SOA: stimulus onset asynchrony = time from onset of cue to onset of target.</p><p>The cuing effects on N1 amplitude (μv) at each SOA in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (Mean±S.E.).</p

The cuing effect and inhibition of return (IOR) at each SOA in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (Mean±S.D.).

<p>SOA: stimulus onset asynchrony = time from onset of cue to onset of target. Cuing effect: RT_{invalid trials}-RT_{valid trials}, which indicated facilitatory effect or inhibitory effect of cuing, and the facilitatory cuing effects on RT was indicated as positive, inhibitory cuing effect on RT was indicated as negative.</p><p>The cuing effect and inhibition of return (IOR) at each SOA in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (Mean±S.D.).</p

The procedure of modified IOR paradigm.

<p>Subjects were instructed to focus on the central cross and maintain fixation throughout the first five frames of the trial. Frame 1: the start of each trial, fixation on the central cross; Frame 2: a peripheral cue was presented randomly to the left or right of fixation; Frame 3: the cue offset for a brief inter-stimulus interval (ISI); Frame 4: then central fixation cue (the cue-back procedure); Frame 5: variable ISI₂ including 450 ms and 950 ms; Frame 6: the target appeared in the cued or uncued location with equal probability. The entire experiment consisted of 320 trials.</p