Relationship of Family Environment, Psychological Resilience, Campus Bullying with Tobacco Use among Preadolescents

Objective. To explore the relationship between family environment, psychological resilience, campus bullying and tobacco use in early adolescence. Methods. According to the principle of cluster sampling, 4,792 students from grade 4 to grade 6 in five primary schools in Baise City and county were selected from February to November 2018, including 2,522 males (52.63%), 2,236 females (46.66%)and 34 missing genders (0.71%); the average age was (11.8 ± 0.5) years; 2,721 students in urban areas (56.78%) and 2,071 students in county towns (43.22%); 4,313 Zhuang (90.00%), 365 Han (7.62%), 98 other ethnic groups (Yao, Miao, Yi, etc.) (2.05%). The General Family Environment Questionnaire, Adolescent Mental Resilience Scale, School Bullying Questionnaire, and Tobacco Use Questionnaire were used for evaluation, and logistic regression was used to analyze the effect relationship between the study variables. Results. 467 people tried to smoke, and the total detection rate was 9.75%. The number of smokers was 334, and the total detection rate was 6.97%. Boys’ tobacco attempt and smoking behavior were higher than girls (χ2 were 57.230 and 56.013, P < 0. 001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of tobacco attempt of boys was 2.37 times thanthat of girls (OR = 0.468, 95% CI 0.377 ~ 0.582), the risk of smoking in boys is 2.5 times that in girls 32 times (OR = 0.422, 95% CI 0.324 ~ 0.551); older adolescents had more tobacco attempts (OR = 1.609, 95% CI 1.446 ~ 1.791)and smoking behavior (OR = 2.026, 95% CI 1.776 ~ 2.310); campus bullying increased the risk of smoking behavior among adolescents (OR = 1.106, 95% CI 1.073 ~ 1.140). Psychological resilience (personal strength), family intimacy and family rules can effectively reduce the risk of adolescent tobacco attempts (personal strength, OR = 0.964, 95% CI = 0.951 ~ 0.976; family intimacy, OR = 0.946, 95% CI 0.892 ~ 0.984; family rules, OR = 0.949, 95% CI 0.930 ~ 0.965) and smoking behavior (personal strength, OR = 0.962, 95% CI 0.947 ~ 0.977; family intimacy, OR = 0.937, 95% CI 0.885 ~ 0.992; family rules, OR = 0.952, 95% CI 0.932 ~ 0.973). Conclusion. Campus bullying increases the risk of smoking behavior among adolescents. Psychological resilience (personal strength), family intimacy and family rules can effectively reduce teenagers’ tobacco attempts and smoking behavior

Nonfatal Injuries Among Middle-School and High-School Students in Guangxi, China

Objectives. We described nonfatal injuries and calculated injury rates among middle-school and high-school students in Guangxi, China. Methods. Students were selected using multistage randomizing techniques, and nonfatal injuries in 1840 students from February 2002 to January 2003 were monitored with standardized injury forms. Risk factors for injury were identified in multivariate analyses. Results. The annual overall injury rate was 32.3 per 100 students. Boys had a significantly higher injury rate than the girls (34.8 vs 30.3 per 100 students), and a significantly higher proportion of injuries in boys was caused by other students (28.1% vs 19.4%). A higher proportion of injuries in girls (40.7%) occurred at home. For both boys and girls, sports were the most common activities associated with injury. Injuries from falls were the leading cause of injury, and extremities were most frequently injured. Gender, age, ethnicity, and family income levels were identified as significant risk factors for injury in multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Nonfatal injuries in middle-school and high-school students should be recognized as a significant public health concern in China

Effects of main active components of rosemary on growth performance, meat quality and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs

Rosemary extracts have been widely used as feed additives in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) and ursolic acid (UA), the main active components of rosemary, on growth performance, meat quality and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. A total of 72 finishing pigs (Landrace; initial age of 150 d) were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 8 replicates of 3 pigs each, and fed a basal diet or diet containing 500 mg/kg of RA or UA. The results showed that dietary supplementation of RA or UA had no significant effect on the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs (P > 0.05). However, both RA and UA significantly increased the triglyceride (TG) level in soleus muscle (P < 0.001). Supplementation of RA increased the expression of genes related to lipogenesis and transport including fatty acid synthase (FAS) (P < 0.001), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) (P < 0.001) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (P < 0.05), while UA increased the expression of fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), a gene related to lipid uptake (P < 0.05). However, RA reduced the expression of adipogenesis-related gene acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACCα) (P < 0.01). Characterization of cecal microbiota indicated that RA increased the microbial richness (chao 1, P < 0.001) and diversity (observed species, P < 0.01). Further analysis of the genera revealed that RA increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and g-UCG-005 (P < 0.05), and UA enriched Prevotella (P < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that g-UCG-005 was positively correlated with the expression of FAS, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT1B), SREBP1c and PPARγ (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RA or UA may increase fat deposition in muscle of finishing pigs by regulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota