Pseudo-Random Number Generation In R For Commonly Used Multivariate Distributions

An increasing number of practitioners and applied statisticians have started using the R programming system in recent years for their computing and data analysis needs. As far as pseudo-random number generation is concerned, the built-in generator in R does not contain multivariate distributions. In this article, R routines for widely used multivariate distributions are presented

Ocena kliniczno-patologiczna 194 pacjentek z potworniakiem jajnika: 7-letnie doświadczenie jednego ośrodka

Objectives: To evaluate patients diagnosed with teratoma over a period of seven years with regard to their general characteristics and treatment methods. Material and Methods: A total of 194 patients histologically diagnosed with ovarian teratoma (mature or immature) in the years 2005-2012 at the Ege University Gynecology and Obstetrics Department were evaluated. Results: Average patient age was 34.3 ± 2.16 years. Of these, 169 (86.3%) were premenopausal and 27 (13.7%) postmenopausal; average cyst diameter, measured during the surgery, was 6.9 ± 0.63 cm. While the teratoma had been an asymptomatic finding in 148 (75.5%) patients, 48 (24.5%) were symptomatic. In 107 patients (54.5%) a laparotomy and in 89 (45.5%) a laparoscopy were performed. The presence of torsion was observed during surgery in 9 (4.5%) patients. The 49 (55%) patients who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy experienced a rupture during the intervention, with no cases of clinical chemical peritonitis following the surgery. Conclusion: Caution must be exercised with regard to possible cyst rupture in elderly patients and those with large dermoids; an laparoscopic approach may be reserved for younger patients. In case a rupture occurs during the operation, abundant peritoneal lavage is indicated; in order to limit risks during the controlled excision of the cyst an Endobag should be used if possible.Cel: Ocena pacjentek z rozpoznanym potworniakiem w odniesieniu do charakterystyki ogólnej i metod leczenia. Materiał i metoda: Grupę badaną stanowiło 194 pacjentki z potwierdzonym histologicznie potworniakiem (dojrzałym lub niedojrzałym) w latach 2005-2012 w Ege University w Klinice Ginekologii i Położnictwa. Wyniki: Średnia wieku pacjentek wynosiła 34.3±2.16 lat. Pacjentek w wieku przedmenopauzalnym było 169 (86.3%) a w pomenopauzalnym 27 (13.7%); średni rozmiar guza zmierzony w trakcie operacji wynosił 6.9 ±0.63cm. U większości pacjentek 148 (75.5%) guz nie dawał objawów, natomiast w 48 (24.5%) przypadkach wystąpiły objawy. U 107 (54.5%) pacjentek wykonano laparotomię a u 89 (45.5%) laparoskopię. Skręcenie guza obserwowano w trakcie operacji u 9 kobiet (4.5%). Spośród pacjentek, które przeszły laparoskopowe usunięcie torbieli, u 49 (55%) guz pękł podczas operacji, jednak nie obserwowano chemicznego zapalenia otrzewnej po operacji. Wnioski: Należy zachować szczególną ostrożność w związku z możliwym pęknięciem torbieli u starszych pacjentek oraz w przypadkach dużych guzów. Techniki laparoskopowe należy zarezerwować dla młodszych pacjentek. Należy wykonać płukanie otrzewnej jeśli w czasie operacji dojdzie do pęknięcia torbieli. Aby zmniejszyć ryzyko pęknięcia w trakcie usuwania torbieli wskazane jest użycie endobagu

JMASM16: Pseudo-Random Number Generation In R For Some Univariate Distributions

An increasing number of practitioners and applied researchers started using the R programming system in recent years for their computing and data analysis needs. As far as pseudo-random number generation is concerned, the built-in generator in R does not contain some important univariate distributions. In this article, complementary R routines that could potentially be useful for simulation and computation purposes are provided

Modeling Incomplete Longitudinal Data

This article presents a review of popular parametric, semiparametric and ad-hoc approaches for analyzing incomplete longitudinal data

Responsibility Internalism and Responsibility for AI

I argue for responsibility internalism. That is, moral responsibility (i.e., accountability, or being apt for praise or blame) depends only on factors internal to agents. Employing this view, I also argue that no one is responsible for what AI does but this isn’t morally problematic in a way that counts against developing or using AI. Responsibility is grounded in three potential conditions: the control (or freedom) condition, the epistemic (or awareness) condition, and the causal responsibility condition (or consequences). I argue that causal responsibility is irrelevant for moral responsibility, and that the control condition and the epistemic condition depend only on factors internal to agents. Moreover, since what AI does is at best a consequence of our actions, and the consequences of our actions are irrelevant to our responsibility, no one is responsible for what AI does. That is, the so-called responsibility gap exits. However, this isn’t morally worrisome for developing or using AI. Firstly, I argue, current AI doesn’t generate a new kind of concern about responsibility that the older technologies don’t. Then, I argue that responsibility gap is not worrisome because neither responsibility gap, nor my argument for its existence, entails that no one can be justly punished, held accountable, or incurs duties in reparations when AI causes a harm

Statistical Simulation: Power Method Polynomials and Other Transformations

Abstracts not available for BookReview

EFFECTS OF POST-FIRE SALVAGE LOGGING ON COMPACTION, INFILTRATION, WATER REPELLENCY, AND SEDIMENT YIELD AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBSOILING ON SKID TRAILS

Post-fire salvage logging operations can induce environmental problems. This study assessed the effects of different disturbances from post-fire salvage logging on soil bulk density, water repellency, field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), ground cover, and sediment yields after the 2013 Rim Fire in California. Hillslope plots were installed in three locations (Sawmill, lower Femmons, and upper Femmons). The plot-scale disturbances were burned and untrafficked (low and high slope controls and logged only with no traffic), or burned and trafficked (few and many pass skid trails). Additional measurements were made in nearby areas that included the plot-scale disturbances as well as feller buncher tracks and mixed disturbed areas. We measured soil bulk density at two depths. Kfs was measured using a dual head ring infiltrometer. Water repellency was measured at the mineral soil surface and at 1 cm and 3 cm soil depths. Ground cover was measured in each hillslope plot. Sediment yields from the hillslope plots were measured using sediment fences. Measurements in burned areas were made in water years 2015 and 2016. Bulk density, water repellency, and Kfs measurements were also made in one unburned logged site. We assessed the effectiveness of subsoiling of skid trails in nearby burned areas, sometimes across the contour, as a mitigation practice by recording the presence or absence of rills or gullies. The mean bulk densities in the trafficked plots were significantly higher than in untrafficked plots. Kfs was 10 times higher in untrafficked areas than in the many pass skid trails in the burned sites and significantly higher in the unburned site. There was no significant difference in KFS for any of the disturbance classes between the burned and unburned sites. In the burned areas, WDPT was highest at the 3 cm depth and was lower in trafficked areas than untrafficked areas. WDPT was also significantly lower in burned areas than in unburned areas, where strong water repellency occurred across all depths and disturbance conditions. Untrafficked areas had relatively low bare soil in 2015 and the amount of bare soil decreased significantly in 2016. The trafficked plots had more bare soil than the untrafficked plots, and sometimes the differences were significant. The annual sediment yield in the untrafficked plots in the Sawmill site was 1.9 Mg ha-1 in the 2015 water year and this value significantly decreased to 0.14 Mg ha-1 in the 2016. The sediment yields in the trafficked skid trail plots were 6.2 and 1.2 Mg ha-1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and the 2016 yield was significantly greater than the untrafficked value. The annual sediment yields were also very low in untrafficked plots in the Femmons sites in 2016, and the trafficked plots produced significantly higher sediment yields. Some of the many pass skid trails were subsoiled (ripped) by logging contractors as part of the logging operation using a winged subsoiler with the wings set 45-60 cm below the soil surface. 53% of the 53 subsoiled skid trails had no rills or gullies present, and the rate of rilling or gullying increased with increasing skid trail slope. Subsoiling of skid trails with slopes more than 6% was not effective at reducing erosion because of the high incidence of rills or gullies. These results indicate that salvage logging equipment compacted the soil in the burned forest. Soil compaction reduced water repellency and Kfs and increased bulk density, bare soil, and sediment yields. The sediment yields were most closely related to the change in bare soil. To reduce sediment yields from salvage logging, forest managers should consider increasing the ground cover on skid trails and other trafficked areas