Factors affecting vitamin E level in ruminant tissues

Literature was surveyed to clarify the role of factors affecting vitamin E deposition in animal tissues and findings were compared. Special attention was paid to ruminants because of the rumen factor having a different environment for nutrients and being absent in monogastric animals. A hypothesis is proposed that even together with good quality grass high intakes of vitamin E may not protect the animal from a depletion of this vitamin in its tissues. Special attention must be given to diet ingredients and animal health status when vitamin E is used in ruminant diets

Fatty Acid Content and Composition of Turkish Beef and Lamb at Retail

The fatty acid content and chemical composition of retail samples of beef and lamb meat were investigated. Fifty beef and lamb chops were purchased from different supermarkets in Istanbul on separate occasions. The average muscle fatty acid content was 2395 and 2257 mg/100 g of muscle for beef and lamb, respectively. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were 1000 and 940 mg/100 g, and 199 and 261 mg/100 g of muscle for beef and lamb, respectively. Overall results indicate that, particularly before the Sacrifice Holiday, concentrate-based feeding of livestock increases and this has an adverse effect on the n-6/n-3 ratio and P/S ratio of intramuscular fat in meat. Nonetheless, higher C18:1 and lower C16:0 contents in beef and lamb meat fat is favorable

Addition of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids to Lamb Diets: Effects on Performance, Rumen Characteristics, Blood and Carcass Parameters

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) supplementation on feed intake, animal performance, rumen characteristics, blood lipid metabolites, and carcass parameters in Kivircik lambs. Lambs were allocated into three groups (eight lambs/treatment) and the experimental groups were as follows: Control, 10MCFA (1.0 g MCFA/kg feed) and 18MCFA (1.8 g MCFA/kg feed). On days 0, 28, and 56, lambs were weighed and rumen and blood samples were collected, and all lambs were slaughtered on day 56. According to the results obtained in the present study, animal performance was not affected by the dietary treatment (p > .05). There was no difference in rumen pH but the concentrations of rumen ammonia (on day 56) and propionic acid level (on days 28 and 56) were lower in 18 MCFA lambs measured at 3 hours after feeding (p > .05). Under the conditions and duration of this study, supplementing diets with MCFA did not affect lamb performance and carcass parameters but affected rumen fermentation parameters

Algae and their use in animal nutrition

Çiftlik hayvanlarının diyetlerinde ω-6 yağ asitlerince zengin tane yemlerin kullanılması bu hayvanlardaki yağ asidi kompozisyonunu değiştirmiştir. Diğer tarafta ω-3 uzun zincirli yağ asitlerinin insanlar için besinsel ve sağlık yönünden faydaları hakkında gittikçe artan bilgiler mevcuttur. Özellikle dekosaheksaenoik asit (DHA, 22:6 n-3) ve daha az oranda eikosanoik asit (EPA, 20:5 n-3) kalp damar hastalıkları riskini azaltmaktadır. Balık ve yosunlardan elde edilen deniz ürünleri yağları ω-3 PUFA (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Çoklu Doymamış Yağ Asitleri) yönünden zengindirler. Bununla beraber balık yağındaki bu yağ asitlerinin yaygın olarak kullanılan hayvansal ürünlere geçişi süt ve ette balık kokusuna ve yemlerde ve hayvansal ürünlerde oksidasyon problemlerine neden olmuştur. Bundan dolayı araştırmalar balık yağındaki bu kokuyu giderme yollarına odaklanmış, bazı firmalar balık yağının koku ve tadını maskeleyen metotlar geliştirmiş fakat BSE krizi bütün bu girişimleri değiştirip, otçul hayvanları deniz balıkları ile beslemenin doğru olup olmadığı sorusunu ortaya çıkartmıştır. Bu konuda gittikçe artan bir tüketici bilinci ve ilgisi mevcut olduğundan ve bunun ışığında balık ve balık yağına alternatifler bulmak gerekmektedir Yosunlar yüksek protein kapsamları, bol miktarda vitamin ve mineral ve aynı zamanda yüksek ω-3 uzun zincirli doymamış yağ asitleri içerdiğinden dolayı uygun bir katkı maddesi olarak dikkat çekmektedir fakat hayvanlarda kapsamlı olarak incelenmemiştir. Bu derleme yosun türleri, bunların üretimi, besinsel içerikleri ve hayvan performansı üzerine bilgileri incelemektedir.Use of grain feeds rich in ω-6 in livestock diets has altered the fatty acid composition of their products. On the other hand, there is increasing information about the nutritional and health benefits of long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for humans. Especially decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and to a lesser extent eicosanoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Marine oils derived from fish or algae are rich source of ω-3 PUFA. However, attempts to incorporate these fatty acids from fish oil into commonly consumed animal products have caused fishy flavor in milk and meat and oxidation problems in animal feed and in animal products. Research has therefore focused on ways of introducing fish oil without taste problem, some companies have developed method of masking the taste and odour of fish oil but the BSE crisis has changed attitudes and raised questions whether now it is desirable to feed herbivores marine fish. There is growing consumer awareness and concern about this issues and it would be necessary, in the light of this, to find alternatives to fish and fish oils. Algae are considered as a suitable nutrimental supplement because of their high protein content and their abundance of vitamin and minerals and also high long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content but they have not been evaluated widely in animals. This review has examined the information on algae species, their production, nutritional contents and their effects on animal performance.Use of grain feeds rich in ω-6 in livestock diets has altered the fatty acid composition of their products. On the other hand, there is increasing information about the nutritional and health benefits of long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for humans. Especially decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and to a lesser extent eicosanoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Marine oils derived from fish or algae are rich source of ω-3 PUFA. However, attempts to incorporate these fatty acids from fish oil into commonly consumed animal products have caused fishy flavor in milk and meat and oxidation problems in animal feed and in animal products. Research has therefore focused on ways of introducing fish oil without taste problem, some companies have developed method of masking the taste and odour of fish oil but the BSE crisis has changed attitudes and raised questions whether now it is desirable to feed herbivores marine fish. There is growing consumer awareness and concern about this issues and it would be necessary, in the light of this, to find alternatives to fish and fish oils. Algae are considered as a suitable nutrimental supplement because of their high protein content and their abundance of vitamin and minerals and also high long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content but they have not been evaluated widely in animals. This review has examined the information on algae species, their production, nutritional contents and their effects on animal performance