II. Meşrutiyetten sonra Osmanlı’da orta öğretim: Sultânîler

The modernisation of the education in Ottoman Empire underlies the post-republic education system of Turkey. The establishment of the non-military educational institutions during the reign of Sultan Mahmut II took a new form thanks to Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi (General Education Regulation). According to this regulation, primary schools were classified as sibyan and rushdiya schools, and secondary schools as idadi and sultani schools. It was planned that the idadis were to constitute the first stage of secondary schools, while the sultanis the second one in this hierarchy. In the process of history, the sultanis could not be founded, and seven-year idadis, which constituted the second stage of the secondary schools, were established. Seven-year idadis were started to be transformed into sultanis after 1910. After 1914, however, all seven-year idadis were decided to be changed into sultanis. Sultanis began to constitute the secondary schools in Ottoman education system since then. Not only were significant changes made quantitatively in the body of these newly founded sultanis, in the period of study, in their schedules and in the members of staff, but also innovations were planned to be made qualitatively. Sultanis, with some changes, continued their existences as secondary and high schools which constituted the post-republic secondary educational institutions in Turkey.Osmanlı eğitim modernizasyonu Cumhuriyet sonrası eğitim sistemimizin temellerini oluşturmaktadır. Sultan II. Mahmud ile başlayan Osmanlı sivil eğitim kurumlarının tesisi 1869 Maârif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi ile yeni bir şekil almıştır. Bu nizamnameye göre ilköğretim kurumlarını sıbyan ve rüşdiye mektepleri, ortaöğretimin kurumlarını ise idâdî ve sultânî mektepleri oluşturacaktı. Bu hiyerarşide ortaöğretimin birinci kademesini idâdîlerin, ikinci kademesini ise sultânîlerin oluşturması planlanmıştı. Tarihi süreçte, sultânîler açılamamış ve ortaöğretimin ikinci kademesini, teşkil edilen yedi senelik idâdîler oluşturmuştur. 1910 yılından sonra yede senelik idâdîlerin sultânî şekline dönüştürülmesine başlanmıştır. 1914 yılından sonra ise tüm yedi yıllık idâdîlerin sultânî şekline dönüştürülmesine karar verilmiştir. O tarihten sonra Osmanlı eğitim sistemindeki ortaöğretim kurumlarını sultânîler oluşturmuştur. Yeni teşkil edilen bu sultânî mekteplerinin yapısında, öğretim süresinde, programlarında ve kadrolarında, nicelik olarak, önemli değişiklikler yapıldığı gibi nitelik olarak da yenilikler gerçekleştirilmek istenmiştir. Sultânîler, bir kısım değişikliklerle birlikte, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ortaöğretim kurumlarını oluşturan orta mektepler ve liseler olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür

İngilizce ve Türkçe öğretimi ders kitaplarının konuşma ve yazma becerileri açısından CEFR'ye dayalı karşılaştırması

This study aims to investigate to what extent the competences in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) (Council of Europe, 2001) are fulfilled in language teaching course books in terms of productive skills (speaking-writing) in foreign / second language teaching. More specifically, in the study, speaking and writing activities in Headway for teaching English as a foreign/second language and in Yeni İstanbul for teaching Turkish as a foreign/second language, which were said to have been developed based on CEFR, were examined and compared in terms of the compatibility with the competences specified in the CEFR through content analysis. At this point, the distinction of ‘writing / speaking as a production skill’ and ‘writing / speaking as an interaction skill’ defined in the CEFR has been used in the detailed analysis of the activities. According to the content analysis, it was observed that there were differences and similarities in both course books in terms of the implementation of CEFR and the representation of A2 level descriptors. Although both course books claim that they have been developed with reference to the CEFR, findings showed that they do not reach the learning outcomes in terms of speaking and writing skills related to ‘interaction’ and ‘production’ specified in the CEFR at the same rate. Basically, the study concluded that ‘interaction’ skills in Headway and ‘production’ skills in Yeni Istanbul are prioritized. The results also emphasize that these two course books need to be revised and reorganized to reflect the CEFR at A2 level.Bu çalışma, yabancı/ikinci dil öğretiminde anlatma becerileri (konuşma-yazma) açısından, Avrupa Dilleri Ortak Çerçeve Programında (CEFR) yer alan yeterliliklerin dil öğretimi ders kitaplarında ne ölçüde yerine getirildiğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada yabancı/ikinci dil olarak İngilizce öğretim kitabı Headway ve yabancı/ikinci dil olarak Türkçe öğretim kitabı Yeni İstanbul; konuşma ve yazma etkinliklerinin CEFR yeterlilikleri ile uygunluğu açısından incelenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu noktada CEFR’de yer alan ‘üretim becerisi olarak yazma/konuşma’ ve ‘etkileşim becerisi olarak yazma/konuşma’ ayrımı etkinliklerin detaylı analizinde kullanılmıştır. İçerik analizinin sonucunda CEFR'nin uygulanması ve A2 düzeyi tanımlayıcıların temsili açısından her iki ders kitabında farklılıklar ve benzerlikler olduğu görülmüştür. Bu iki ders kitabının da CEFR referans alınarak geliştirildiği belirtilmesine rağmen, CEFR'de yer alan konuşma ve yazma becerileriyle ilgili öğrenme çıktılarına ‘etkileşim’ ve ‘üretim’ becerileri açısından aynı oranda ulaşamadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Temel olarak Headway’de ‘etkileşim’ becerilerinin; Yeni İstanbul’da ise ‘üretim’ becerilerin öncelendiği görülmüştür. Bulgular, iki ders kitabının da CEFR'yi A2 düzeyinde yansıtmak için revize edilmesi ve yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır

Administration in education institutes

Türkiye’de bir meslek olarak öğretmen yetiştirme Osmanlı Devleti’nin modernleşme sürecinde açılan okullarla başlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nden alınan miras Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde devam ettirilmiştir. Bunun yanında öğretmen yetiştiren yeni kurumlar da açılmıştır. Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde, ortaokullara öğretmen yetiştirmek için ilk olarak Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü açılmıştır. 1940’tan sonra, aynı amaçla, eğitim enstitülerinin sayısı artmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, 1946 sonrasında açılmasına karar verilen eğitim enstitülerinin yönetiminin nasıl tasarlandığını ve uygulandığını açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır.In Turkey, the profession of teacher training started with the schools that were opened during the modernization period of the Ottoman Empire. This inheritance from the Ottoman Empire was maintained in the Republic of Turkey. In addition, new teacher training institutions were also established. In the Republican Period, the Gazi Education Institute was the first institute established in order to train teachers for secondary schools. After 1940, to serve the same purpose the number of education institutes began to increase. The present study aims to describe how the administration of the education institutes, that were founded after 1946, were designed and implemented

Protective effect of N-Acetylcysteine on testicular oxidative damage, spermatological parameters and DNA damage in glyphosate-based herbicide-exposed rats

The aim of this study was to examine the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on testicular oxidative damage, spermatological parameters and DNA damage caused by Glyphosate (GLF) in rats. In total, twenty-eight Wistar male rats were evaluated by being separated into four groups in an equal way. Rats in group I, which represented the control group, were fed normal diet without GLF or NAC, group II received normal feed containing 160 mg/kg/daily NAC, group III received normal feed containing 375 mg/kg/daily GLF, and group IV received normal feed containing 160 mg/kg/daily NAC + 375 mg/kg/daily GLF. GLF administration decreased sperm motility, abnormal sperm rate, sperm plasma membrane integrity, glutathione level and superoxide dismutase in the rats’ testicular tissue. On the other hand, high malondialdehyde level and DNA damage were detected in the group administered with GLF. Besides, in histopathological terms, a decrease in sperm concentration and degeneration of sertoli cells were determined in the testicular tissue. NAC and NAC+GLF administration reversed lipid peroxidation and DNA damage induced by GLF, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and cell integrity in rats’ testis. The above-mentioned findings indicate that NAC reduces lipid peroxidation caused by GLF, improves the antioxidant defense mechanism and regenerates tissue damage in rats’ testis.Bu çalışmanın amacı, N-asetilsisteinin (NAC) sıçanlarda Glifosat (GLF) 'nin neden olduğu testiküler oksidatif hasar, spermatolojik parametreler ve DNA hasarı üzerindeki koruyucu etkisini incelemektir. Toplam yirmi sekiz Wistar erkek sıçan, eşit bir şekilde dört gruba ayrılarak değerlendirildi. Kontrol grubunu olan grup I'deki sıçanlar, GLF veya NAC olmaksızın normal diyetle beslendiler, grup II’deki hayvanlara 160 mg / kg / günlük NAC içeren normal rat diyeti uygulandı, grup III’deki hayvanlara 375 mg / kg / günlük GLF içeren normal rat diyeti verildi ve grup IV’deki hayvanlara 160 mg / kg / günlük NAC + 375 mg / kg / günlük GLF içeren normal rat diyeti uygulandı. GLF uygulaması sıçanların testis dokusunda spermatozoon motilitesini, anormal spermatozoon oranını, spermatozoon plazma membran bütünlüğünü, glutatyon ve süperoksit dismutaz düzeyini azaltmıştır. Diğer taraftan GLF uygulanan grupta yüksek malondialdehid düzeyi ve DNA hasarı saptandı. Ayrıca histopatolojik olarak testis dokusunda spermatozoon konsantrasyonunda azalma ve sertoli hücrelerin dejenerasyonu belirlendi. NAC ve NAC + GLF uygulaması, lipid peroksidasyonunu ve GLF tarafından indüklenen DNA hasarını, sıçanların testislerinde antioksidan enzimlerin aktivitesini ve hücre bütünlüğünü tersine çevirdi. Yukarıda belirtilen bulgular, NAC'nin GLF'nin neden olduğu lipit peroksidasyonunu azalttığını, antioksidan savunma mekanizmasını geliştirdiğini ve sıçanların testislerinde doku hasarını rejenere ettiğini göstermektedir

The Effects of Whole Body Vibration Training on Some Biochemical Values in Terms of Osteoporosis Risk in Premenopausal Women

The main purpose of the present study is to comparatively examine the effects of Whole body vibration (WBV) trainings on some biochemical bone-turnover markers (Beta-CTx, Osteocalcin) in terms of osteoporosis. Twenty-four sedentary women (mean age=37.12±1.84 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly divided to 3 groups: whole body vibration exercise group (WBV, n=8), classical resistance exercise group (CR, n=8), and control group (CO, n=8). Vibration trainings and classical resistance trainings were applied in similar exercise models for major muscle groups three days a week for eight weeks, not on consecutive days but in the same contexts. Of biochemical values, Beta-CTx and Osteocalcin were analysed by using Cobas e 411 ECLIA (Electro Chem. Luminance Immune Assay) method before and after the eight-week exercise period. For intra-group comparisons paired-samples t-test, for inter-group comparisons one way ANOVA, and for multi-comparisons Tukey test were used. While a statistically significant difference was found between pretest posttest of Beta-CTx and Osteocalcin values of CR (p.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of pretest posttest biochemical value changes (Beta-CTx, Osteocalsin) of the participants (p<.05). As a result, eight-week WBV training in premenopausal women can be considered as safe in terms of biochemical values’ (Beta-CTx, Osteocalcin) remaining unchanged. On the other hand, CR training made significant changes on the values in question. Whether this change is an acute effect or not has become a raising question. This case can be studied in premenopausal women in further research

The Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Programs Applied to Elite Wrestlers on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Lipids

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of aerobic and anaerobic training programs applied to elite wrestlers on body mass index (BMI) and blood lipids. 20 elite wrestlers, whose average age is (experimental group; 15.20±4.61, n=10), control group; 15.90±2.08, n=10), participated in the study and they were randomly divided into two groups. Strength and endurance training programme based on “one day aerobic, one day anaerobic” principles was applied to the experimental group six days a week for eight weeks. The control group went on doing normal routine wrestling technical training. Before and after eight-week training program, BMI, Triglyceride, HDL-C, VLDL, Cholesterol, LDL blood values were taken from the experimental and the control group by body analyser. According to the results of the study, none of the blood lipid indicators of the control group did significantly changed from pretest to posttest. (p>0.05). However, HDL-C, cholesterol and LDL values from blood lipids indicators of the experimental group changed significantly from pretest to posttest. (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in body mass index (BMI), Triglyceride and VLDL. As a result, this study revealed that there was no significant difference in the control group which did exercise routinely, while the training programme with changeable type and volume made significant differences in the experimental group.In statistical analyses, paired- samples t test was used for intra-group comparisons, and independent sample t test was used for inter-group comparisons. The significance level was determined as p<0.05. For all the values, mean and standard deviation were used

Can Tc-99m labeled erythrocyte scintigraphy be an alternative non-invasive method to endometriosis diagnosis?

Background: Endometriosis is defined as the implantation of endometrial gland and stroma ectopically outside the uterus. Clinically, it is a hormone dependent benign disease accompanied by pelvic pain and infertility. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the activated implants with 99m-Tc labeled erythrocyte scintigraphy (99mTc-RBCs) in patients with recurrent endometriosis and compare the results with pelvic MRI results.Methods: Patients who were diagnosed histopathologically as endometriosis either with operation and / or therapeutic laparascopy or laparotomy and, were included to present study. Thirty patients, who were diagnosed as recurrence by clinical, and laboratory terms and 10 healthy volunteer (control group) patients were included in the study. Between the second and fifth days of menstruation when the endometriotic lesions were highly activated, radionuclide imaging was performed by 99mTc-RBCs and compared with pelvic MRI findings.Results: In 27 patients out of 30 patients (90%) pathological accumulation of radioactivity foci with 99mTc-RBCs were present. The focal pathological accumulation was significant in 26 patients and moderate in 1 patient. In 22 patients (81.5%) the increased radioactivity accumulation in radionuclide images was concordant with MRI images. Regarding the MRI as reference, the sensitivity of 99mTc-RBCs was determined as 96%, specificity 29%, positive predicitive value 81% and negative predictive value was 66%.Conclusions: Imaging of endometriosis regions with 99m-Tc-RBCs can be an alternative diagnostic procedure for the patients with recurrent endometriosis

Short-term Efficacy of Micropulse Yellow Laser in Non-center-involving Diabetic Macular Edema: Preliminary Results

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of micropulse yellow laser (MPL) on best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal thickness in patients with non-center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 9 eyes of 8 patients with non-center-involving DME who underwent MPL treatment between January 2015 and December 2016. BCVA (logMAR) and retinal thickness were evaluated before and 3 months after treatment. Maximum retinal thickness was determined manually from simultaneous spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images and recorded. The change in the measurements from before to after treatment was analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 8 patients, 3 were female and 5 were male. The mean age was 52.8 years. Two of the 9 eyes had received previous intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection(s). Median BCVA was improved 3 months after treatment, although the difference was not statistically significant (0.34 logMAR before and 0.29 logMAR after treatment). BCVA was improved in 4 eyes while it showed no change in the remaining 5 eyes. The mean retinal thickness was 470.6 μm at baseline and 416 μm at 3 months after MPL treatment (p=0.01). Retinal thickness decreased in all eyes after treatment. Conclusion: In this study, parafoveal retinal thickness showed significant decrease after MPL treatment in patients with DME. The limited increase in BCVA may be due to the inclusion of a low number of patients and only those with non-center-involving macular edema. MPL may be used as an alternative to conventional argon laser in non-center-involving DME