Loki'nin Müjdesi ve Loki Fesatlığın Kalbinde'de Loki mitinin revize edilmesi

Mitlerin yeniden yazımı Rönesans döneminden beri var olmaktadır ve günümüzde de hala popüler bir uygulamadır. Özellikle postmodernist anlamda yeniden yazım ötekiye, önemsenmeyene ve marjinalleştirilmişe söz hakkı tanımayı amaçlar. Bu yüzden tapılmayan tanrı ve Ragnarok diye bilinen kıyameti getiren, tanrıların arasındaki düşman olarak anılan Loki, çağdaş edebiyatta kahraman olma şansını bulur. Hilekar tanrı olarakta bilinen Loki, hilekar adındaki evrensel bir figürün özelliklerini de bünyesinde bulundurur; dümen çevirir, kandırır, yalan söyler ve kaosu getirir, ancak, sadece kendi bencil ihtiyaçlarını düşünen ilkel bir karakter olmaktan uzaklaşarak, insan özellikleri kazanır. Loki kendi duygu ve düşüncelerini derinden ifade eder ve ikili karşıtlığa ve katı kategorizeleştirmeye karşı gelen bir toplumun kahramanı olur.Rewriting myths existed since Renaissance and it is still a popular practice today. Especially in a postmodernist sense, rewriting aims to give voice to the other, to the slighted, marginalised characters. Therefore Loki as the god who is not worshipped and as the villain among the gods who brings apocalypse known as Ragnarok, finds the opportunity to be a hero in the contemporary literature. Also known as the trickster god, Loki possesses the qualities of a universal figure that is the trickster; he plays tricks, he deceives and lies, he brings chaos, however, he gains more human characteristics and moves away from being a primitive character whose only goal is to satisfy his selfish needs. Loki has his own thoughts and feelings expressed in depth and he becomes the hero in a society where binary oppositions and strict categorisation is rejected

Investigation of carbapenemase resistance genes in healthcare-associated infectious enterobacterales strains

Çalışmamızda, hastanemizde otomatize sistem ile meropeneme dirençli veya doza bağlı duyarlı saptanan Enterobacterales suşlarında fenotipik ve genotipik yöntemlerle karbapenemazların varlığının araştırılması amaçlandı. Karbapenemazlar, karbapenemler dahil olmak üzere çoğu β-laktamı hidrolize ederler. Bu enzmler üreten suşların saptanmasında brçok fenotpk ve genotpk yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Genotipik yöntemlerden polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu zaman alıcı ve pahalı olmasına rağmen altın standart yöntemdir. Gram negatif bakterilerde artan direnç nedeniyle karbapenem direnç genlerinin profilinin belirlenmesi antibiyotik kullanım politikalarının belirlenmesinde yol gösterici olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda, Aralık 2019- Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında bir yıllık süreçte otomatize sistem ile meropeneme dirençli veya doza bağlı duyarlı saptanan 79 Enterobacterales izolatı BD Phoenix CPO Detect paneli, karbapenem inaktivasyon yöntemi ve konvansiyonel PCR yöntemleri ile incelendi. Konvansiyonel PCR ile 42 izolat blaOXA-48 geni; 16 izolat blaNDM geni ve 7 izolat ise blaOXA-48 ile beraber blaNDM gen bölgesi pozitif olarak saptandı. İzolatların hiçbirinde blaIMP, blaVIM ve blaKPC genlerinde pozitiflik bulunmadı. PCR ile pozitif saptanan toplam 65 izolatın iki tanesi BD Phoenix CPO detect paneli ile negatif saptandı. mCIM testi ile ise 64 tanesi pozitif, yalnızca bir tanesi belirsiz olarak bulundu. Çalışmamız laboratuvarımıza gönderilmiş ardışık örneklerden üretilmiş karbapenem dirençli izolatlar ile planlanan ilk çalışma olduğu için verilerimiz hastanemiz ve bölgemiz açısından epidemiyolojik olarak önem taşımaktadır.In our study, it was aimed to investigate the presence of carbapenemases by phenotypic and genotypic methods in Enterobacterales strains that were found to be resistant to meropenem or susceptible to dose-related in our hospital. Carbapenemases hydrolyze most β-lactams, including carbapenems. Many phenotypic and genotypic methods are used to determine the strains producing these enzymes. PCR, which is one of the genotypic methods, is the gold standard method, although it is time consuming and expensive. Due to the increasing resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, the determination of the profile of carbapenem resistance genes is important in terms of being a guide in determining antibiotic use policies. In our study, 79 Enterobacterales isolates, which were determined to be resistant to meropenem or susceptible to dose-related, by the automated system between December 2019 and December 2020, were examined by the BD Phoenix CPO detection panel, mCIM and conventional PCR methods. Fourty-two isolates of blaOXA-48 genes by conventional PCR; 16 isolates of blaNDM gene and 7 isolates of blaOXA-48 and blaNDM gene region were positive. blaIMP, blaVIM and blaKPC genes were not positive in any of the isolates. Of the 65 isolates that were positive by PCR, two were found to be negative by the BD Phoenix CPO detection panel. With the mCIM test, 64 of them were positive and only one was indeterminate. Since our study is the first planned study with carbapenem resistant isolates produced from consecutive samples sent to our laboratory, our data are epidemiologically important for our hospital and region

Investigation of Carbapenemase Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Providencia rettgeri Strains

Objectives: Resistant bacterial pathogens are important causes of both community and healthcare associated infections. Providencia genus are Gram-negative bacilli in the Enterobacterales order, which mostly cause urinary tract infections. P.rettgeri is known to be a causative agent of catheter-related urinary system infections, especially in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit recently. As with other resistant bacteria, the spread of hospital infections caused by Providencia species is mostly blamed on the failure of healthcare personnel to comply with infection control measures. Methods: In our study, a total of 22 multi-drug resistant P. rettgeri strains isolated from urine culture samples of 11 (50%) male and 11 (50%) female inpatients in our hospital between November 2017 and November 2021 were examined. Bacteria were evaluated for the presence of resistance genes by the mCIM, the BD Phoenix CPO detect panel, and conventional PCR. Results: By mCIM test, 18 (81.8%) strains were positive, three (13.6%) strains were negative, and one (4.6%) strain was indeterminate. All strains were identified as “class B carbapenemase producer” with the BD Phoenix CPO detection kit. With conventional PCR, OXA-48, IMP, VIM and KPC genes were not found to be positive in any of the strains, while all of the strains were found to be positive for the blaNDM gene. Conclusion:NDM is among class B carbapenemases and is common in the Enterobacteralesfamily. P. rettgeri has recently been recognized as the key organism in the spread of NDM-1. It is very important to control the spread of this bacteria, which has resistance genes that can be transferred with plasmids against many antibacterials in hospitals. Our study shows that it is necessary to follow these strains in our hospital and take necessary infection control measures to prevent their spread

A biosensor based on fullerene C60 for sensitive and economic analysis of HSP70

Fizikokimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı, “fullerene C60” karbon materyali yüksek hassasiyetli biyosensörlerin üretiminde ilgi odağı olmuştur. Bunun yanısıra, fulleren C60 dayanıklılık, küresel yapı ve elektrik iletkenliği gibi özelliklere sahiptir. HSP’ler birçok kanser türlerinde gereğinden fazla üretilirler. Bu protein ailesi arasında, HSP70 neredeyse tüm hücrelerde bulunan stresle-uyarılabilir ana proteindir. Bu çalışmada heat shock protein (HSP70)’in tayini için bir biyosensör geliştirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak camsı karbon elektrot yüzeyi fulleren C60 ile kaplandı. Fulleren C60 ile kaplanmış yüzey üzerine EDC/NHS kullanılarak antiHSP70 kovalent olarak immobilize edildi. HSP70 tayini ve antiHSP70’in immobilizasyonunu karakterize etmek için döngüsel voltametri (CV) ve elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopi (EIS) teknikleri kullanıldı.Geliştirilen biyosensör iyi tekrarlanabilirlik ve tekrarüretilebilirlik gösterdi. Pratik analizlerde biyosensörün uygulanabilirliğini doğrulamak için, gerçek serum numulerine uygulandı.Due to special physicochemical characteristics, the novel carbon material “fullerene C60” adds a new dimension to the construction of highly sensitive biosensors. Moreover, fullerene C60 has properties such as durability, spherical structure and electric conductivity. Among this protein family, HSP70 is the major stress-inducible protein that is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in all cells. In this study, antiHSP70 was covalently immobilized onto fullerene C60 layer by using EDC/NHS. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were applied to characterize the immobilization of antiHSP70 process and to detect HSP70. The biosensor has exhibited good repeatability and reproducibility. To verify the feasibility of the biosensor in practical analysis, the human blood serum samples were experienced

DETERMINATION OF SOME CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES WITH BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS AND INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF THEM IN REAL SAMPLES

Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar tüm dünyada en önde gelen ölüm nedenlerinden birisidir. Birçok farklı etkene bağlı olarak ortaya çıkabilen ve zamanın son derece önem arz ettiği bu hastalık türlerinde erken teşhise yönelik geliştirilen sistemler kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu doktora tez çalışmasında, kardiyovasküler hastalıkların erken teşhisine yönelik 3 önemli biyobelirteç olan CK, ST2 ve TnT? nin tayini için kullan-at elektrotlarla ve çeşitli elektrokimyasal tekniklerle biyosensör sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Biyosensörler tasarlanırken gerçekleştirilen immobilizasyon, optimizasyon ve karakterizasyon çalışmaları sırasında, elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopisi, döngüsel voltametri, kare dalga voltametrisi ve sabit frekansta impedans tekniklerinden yararlanılmı?tır. İmmobilizasyon sonrası yüzey morfolojisinde meydana gelen deği?iklikleri inceleyebilmek için taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Standart ekleme yöntemiyle gerçek serum örneklerinde analiz yapılarak tasarlanan biyosensörlerin klinikteki potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Kardiyovasküler hastalıkların tayinine yönelik geliştirilen biyosensör sistemlerinin, çok yüksek hassasiyete, mükemmel tekrar üretilebilirlik ve tekrar kullanılabilirlik kapasitesine, uzun raf ömrüne ve serum örneklerinde analitin tayinini yüksek duyarlıkla yapabilecek hassasiyete sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.Cardiovascular diseases are one of the causes of death in the world. The biosensor systems developed for early detection of these diseases occured due to many different effects and acts a critical role. In this phD thesis, the biosensor systems with disposable electrodes and several electrochemical techniques have been designed to determine CK, ST2 and TnT which are the important biomarkers for early detection of cardiovascular diseases. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and single frequency technique were utilized for immobilization, optimization and characterization studies when biosensors were designed. SEM was used to monitor the morphological changes of the surfaces during the immobilization step. The clinical potential of the biosensors designed by analyzing real serum samples with standard addition method were investigated. It has been observed that the biosensor systems developed for detection of cardiovascular diseases have very high sensitivity, excellent reproducibility and reusability capacity, long shelf life and high sensitivity in the analysis of serum samples

A novel immunosensor based on fullerene C60 for electrochemical analysis of heat shock protein 70

This study illustrates the development of the biosensor for the determination of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). For this purpose, firstly the biosensor based on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with fullerene C-60. The anti-HSP70 was bound on fullerene C-60 layer by using the EDC/NHS couple. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were applied to characterize the immobilization of anti-HSP70 process and to determine the HSP70. In order to clarify the binding characterization of HSP70 and anti-HSP70, a single frequency impedance method was utilized, whereas the scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the surface morphology and Kramers-Kronig transform was implemented on impedance data. The biosensor exhibited good repeatability and reproducibility. The linear detection range of the developed biosensor was of 0.8 pg-12.8 pg/mL. Real human blood serum samples were analyzed by the biosensor and the results were also validated by using a reference method based on ELISA. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113 Z 678]This work was funded by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Project number: 113 Z 678) whose assistance is greatly acknowledged

A sensitive and disposable indium tin oxide based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of MAGE-1

MAGE-1 (MAGE, for melanoma antigen), was identified by virtue of its processing and cell surface expression as a tumor-specific peptide bound to major histocompatibility complexes which was reactive with autolytic T cells. 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GOPS) is frequently employed for the preparation of dense heterometal hybrid polymers which are used, e.g., for hard coatings of organic polymers and contact lens materials in the optical industry. In this study, we have improved a new immunological biosensor with indium tin oxide (ITO). Then, Anti-MAGE-1 antibody was covalently immobilized with 3-GOPS which formed a self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on modified ITO electrodes. Analytical characteristics such as square wave voltammetry, linear determination range, repeatability, reproducibility and regeneration of biosensors are determined. All characterization steps are monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV). The developed biosensor has wide determination range (0.5 fg-15 fg/mL). To investigate long shelf life of the fabricated biosensor, the immunosensors were stored at 4 degrees C for periods ten weeks. Futhermore, binding kinetics of MAGE1 to antiMAGE-1 is monitored by single frequency technique in real time. Additionally, Kramer's-Kronig transform was used to understand whether the impedance spectra of biosensor system are affected from the variation that occurred because of external factor. Morphological characteristics of constructed biosensor were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Real human serum samples were also analyzed by the proposed biosensor, successfully. A commercial ELISA kit was also used as a reference method to validate the results obtained by the biosensor. Finally, this biosensor was tried in real blood sample and that showed it could be utilized in clinical applications. This biosensor can be preferred due to it has a wide linear range and it can be prepared easily.Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113 Z 678]We are grateful for the financial supports of this research from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project number: 113 Z 678

Introducing a new method for evaluation of the interaction between an antigen and an antibody: Single frequency impedance analysis for biosensing systems

This paper illustrates the application of an antibody, anti-parathyroid hormone (anti-PTH), as a bioreceptor in a biosensor system for the first time, and demonstrates how this biosensor can be used in parathyroid hormone (PTH) determination. The interaction between the biosensor and parathyroid hormone was firstly investigated by a novel electrochemical method, single frequency impedance analysis. The biosensor was based on the gold electrode modified by cysteine self-assembled monolayers. Anti-PTH was covalently immobilized onto cysteine layer by using an EDC/NHS couple. The immobilization of anti-PTH was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The performance of the biosensor was evaluated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility, after a few important optimization studies were carried out. In particular, parathyroid hormone was detected within a linear range of 10-60 fg/mL. Kramers-Kronig transform was also performed on the impedance data. The specificity of the biosensor was also evaluated. The biosensor was validated by using a complementary reference technique. Lastly the developed biosensor was used to monitor PTH levels in artificial serum samples. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109 T 172]We are thankful for financial support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Project number: 109 T 172)

Karydakis Procedure without a Drain for Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Patients

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate patients with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus (PS) disease who underwent the Karydakis procedure without any drains. Methods: Ninety-eight patients presenting with PS at our center underwent the Karydakis procedure from September 2017 to April 2018. These patients were evaluated for fluid collection, failure of wound healing, wound infection and dehiscence on the postoperative first, third, the seventh days and the first month. Results: A total of ninety-eight patients underwent Karydakis procedure, of which 84 were males and 14 females. Of the two patients had recurrent disease. Three patients had a serious collection on the third postoperative day. One patient had a wound infection on the seventh postoperative day and drainage was performed. One patient had wound dehiscence on the 10th postoperative day due to local trauma. The remaining 93 patients had normal physical examination findings on the first, third, seventh days and the first month after surgery. Conclusion: We think that not using drains in the Karydakis procedure does not increase the complications. However, drain usage should be weighed according to its costs and benefits in every case, especially in patients with a body mass index greater than 30

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların Erken Teşhisi İçin Elektrokimyasal Biyosensör Sistemleri

Gelişmiş sanayi toplumlarında yaşam sürecinin uzaması yeni sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. İn;lamasyon, ilerleyen yaş ile birlikte görülen ölüm oranı en yüksek hastalıklar olan Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington hastalığı gibi nörodejeneratif hastalıkların etiyolojisinde bulunmaktadır. Tümör nekroz faktör pek çok hücre tarafından salgılanan glikoprotein yapısında bir sitokindir. Yaşlanma ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda doğal immünite koruyuculuğunun azalmasından ötürü TNF alfa düzeyinin arttığı bilinmektedir. Bu noktadan yola çıkarak, bu çalışmada TNF alfa nın erken tanısına yönelik tek kullanımlık screen printed elektrotlarla yeni ve hassas bir biyosensör sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Altın kaplı yüzeyde kendi kendine oluşan tek tabakalar (SAMs) için sisteamin kullanılmış ve anti-TNF alfa yüzeye kovalent etkileşimle immobilize edilmiştir.Tüm bu adımlar döngüsel voltametri (CV) ve elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopi (EIS) ile takip edilmiştir. En uygun Anti TNF alfa konsantrasyonu optimizasyon adımında belirlenmiştir ve optimize edilen değerle çalışmaya devam edilmiştir. Biyosensör geliştirildikten sonra TNF alfa ölçümleri gerçek serum ortamında taşınabilir cihaz yardımıyla kolay ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir