50 research outputs found
Biofuels from Beech Wood via Thermochemicals Conversion Methods
In this study characterization of Oriental beech wood (Fagus orientalis) with Turkish origin was investigated with aspect of structural, chemical, and thermochemical conversional properties. Liquefaction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pyrolysis of the samples were studied to obtain liquid fuel oils and chemicals. Beech wood was partly converted to liquefaction products in glycerol. The conversion products were 19.4, 32.3, and 64.6% by weight at 523, 543, and 563 K, respectively. The liquefaction yield sharply increased with increasing the temperature near critical temperature and after that. Ethanol is the best solvent for supercritical fluid extraction at lower temperatures. In the pyrolysis, increases of liquid yields are considerably sharp for all of the samples with increasing of pyrolysis temperature from 695 to 720 K. The highest increase of liquid yield was obtained from the beech wood sample with +0.063 mm particle size in the pyrolysis conditions. The maximum liquid yield was 36.3% at 720 K
Fuels for petroleum, coal and biomass
Petroleum, coal and biomass can be converted into useful liquid, gaseous and solid fuels via chemical, thermochemical and biochemicals methods. Thermochemical conversion processes, including mainly pyrolysis and liquefaction, were applied non-catalytically and catalytically to obtain the maximum fuels from biomass wastes
Methylation of wood fatty and resin acids for production of biodiesel
The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the potentiality of the wood oil of Oriental spruce (Spruce
orientalis) for biodiesel production. Two methods have been applied for obtained wood oil with and without solvent such as separation of crude tall oil from sulfate soaps by Kraft pulping process. Production of
biodiesel from wood oil follows two steps, first extraction of oil using a solvent (acetone) and then base
catalyzed (KOH) or non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification. This paper studied the effect
of temperature on transesterification of wood oil to find the optimum temperature of maximum biodiesel
yield. Transesterification of the wood oils were performed in a 100-mL cylindrical autoclave using
supercritical methanol. In a typical run, the autoclave was charged with a given amount of the wood
oil (20–25 g) and alcohol (20–50 g) with changed molar ratios at 500, 525, 550 and 575 K. The yield of
the biodiesel produced under optimal condition is 96–98%
Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass
The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, there are large amounts of low-cost oils and fats (e.g., restaurant waste, beef tallow, pork lard, and yellow grease) that could be converted to biodiesel. The crop types, agricultural practices, land and labor costs, plant sizes, processing technologies and government policies in different regions considerably vary ethanol production costs and prices by region. The cost of producing bioethanol in a dry mill plant currently totals US0.02-0.29 per liter may be saving 0.06 per liter over a smaller plant. Viscosity of biofuel and biocrude varies greatly with the liquefaction conditions. The high and increasing viscosity indicates a poor flow characteristic and stability. The increase in the viscosity can be attributed to the continuing polymerization and oxidative coupling reactions in the biocrude upon storage. Although stability of biocrude is typically better than that of bio-oil, the viscosity of biocrude is much higher. The bio-oil produced by flash pyrolysis is a highly oxygenated mixture of carbonyls, carboxyls, phenolics and water. It is acidic and potentially corrosive. Bio-oil can also be potentially upgraded by hydrodeoxygenation. The liquid, termed biocrude, contains 60% carbon, 10-20 wt.% oxygen and 30-36 MJ/kg heating value as opposed to <1 wt.% and 42-46 MJ/kg for petroleum. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Biorefinery Technologies for Biomass Upgrading
Biomass can be converted into useful bio-fuels and bio-chemicals via
biomass upgrading and biorefinery technologies. Biomass upgrading processesinclude
fractionation, liquefaction, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, fermentation, and gasification. The
benefits of an integrated biorefinery are numerous because of the diversification in
feedstocks and products. There are currently several different levels of integration in
biorefineries, which adds to their sustainability, both economically and environmentally. Economic and production advantages increase with the level of integration in
the biorefinery
Biodiesel from oilgae, biofixation of carbon dioxide by microalgae: A solution to pollution problems
Algae containing 30-75% of lipid by dry basis can be called oilgae. All microalgac species produce lipid however some species can contain up to 70% of their dry weight. Microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels. Biodiesel production by using oilgac is an alternative process in contrast to other procedures not only being degradable and non-toxic but also as a solution to global warming via reducing emission gases. Algae-based technologies could provide a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants and other carbon intensive industrial processes. Because algae are rich in oil and can grow in a wide range of conditions, many companies are betting that it can create fuels or other chemicals cheaper than existing feedstocks. The aim of microalgae biofixation of CO2 is to operate large-scale systems that are able to convert a significant fraction of the CO2 outputs from a power plant into biofuels. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The Role of Turkey Within Petroleum Between the Caspian Sea Basin and the Middle East
Petroleum plays a very important role in foreign policies and their international relations of Caspian and Middle East countries. The Middle East itself produces
32% of the world’s oil, but even more impressive is they have 64% of the total proven
oil reserves in the world. Turkey is at the crossroads of Europe and several volatile,
strategically, and economically important regions, including the Caspian Sea basin
region, the Middle East, and Russia. Its location on two continents plays a central part
in Turkish history and gives the country a major advantage in serving the markets of
Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa. Turkey’s geopolitical locale
made possible an important role in regional politics, while domestic energy needs
required it to do so
Future Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines
Today the world is facing three critical problems: (1) high fuel prices,
(2) climatic changes, and (3) air pollution. Experts suggest that current oil and gas
reserves would suffice to last only a few more decades. Biorenewable liquids are the
main substitutes to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel. These fuels are important
because they replace petroleum fuels; however, some still include a small amount of
petroleum in the mixture. There are four alternate fuels that can be relatively easily
used in conventional diesel engines: vegetable oil, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch liquids,
and dimethyl ether. The main alternate fuels include (m)ethanol, liquefied petroleum
gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity for operating gasoline-type
vehicles. Bioethanol is an alternate fuel that is produced almost entirely from food
crops. The primary feedstock of this fuel is corn. Biohydrogen is an environmentally
friendly alternative automotive fuel that can be used in an internal combustion engine
Direct and Alkaline Glycerol Liquefaction of Hazelnut Shell
Hazelnut shell was liquefied directly in water at 530–710 K and in glycerol
and alkaline (10% sodium carbonate) glycerol at 523–603 K temperature range.
Thermal degradation of biomass, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and products were formed
as well as a solid residue of char in low temperatures. In the liquefaction process, the
micellar-like broken down fragments produced by hydrolysis are degraded to smaller
compounds by dehydration, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, and decarboxylation.
These compounds once produced, rearrange through condensation, cyclization, and
polymerization, leading to new compounds. The yields of water liquefaction were
13.5, 21.0, 30.3, 32.3, 36.8, 45.4, 47.8, 48.4, and 46.3% by weight at 550, 570, 590,
610, 630, 650, 670, 690, and 710 K, respectively. Alkalis such as sodium carbonate
and potassium carbonate, can lead to the formation of hydrolysis of macromolecules,
such as cellulose and hemicellulose, into smaller fragments. The yields of alkaline
glycerol liquefaction were 34.7, 39.5, 89.8, 98.4, and 100% by weight at 523, 533,
543, 553, and 563 K, respectively. The yields of liquid products slightly decreased
at temperatures greater than 583 K. The yields of liquefaction were 96.8, 93.6, and
91.7% by weight at 583, 593, and 603 K, respectively
Biodiesel from Bay Laurel Oil via Compressed Methanol Transesterification
In the present work, oils from the leaves and fruits of bay laurel, Laurus nobilis L (Lauraceae) were converted into fatty acid methyl esters or biodiesel
by transesterification reaction in supercritical methanol without using the catalyst.
Experiments have been carried out in a pressure-proof reaction vessel (autoclave)
preheated at 493, 523, and 593 K, and with molar ratios of 1:6–1:41 of the bay
laurel oil to methanol. The most important variables affecting the methyl ester yield
during transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and
reaction temperature. The yield of alkyl ester increased with increasing the molar ratio
of oil to alcohol in the supercritical methanol transesterification method. Average oil
content of the leaves and fruits of bay laurel samples used in the experiments were
7 and 20% by weight, respectively. Dominant fatty acid contents of bay laurel leaves
and bay laurel fruits were lauric (26.1 and 18.3%), palmitic (25.6 and 21.8%), and
oleic (10.6 and 30.9%), respectively