Investigation of therapeutic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and translocation in immunsupressed rats infected with Shigella sonnei

Aim: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) and detect blood and tissue penetrations of S. boulardii and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) in immunocompromised rats infected with S. sonnei. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups: Group A (immunosuppressed, not-treated); Group B (immunosuppressed, treated-with- S. boulardii); Group C (immunosuppressed, infected-with-S.sonnei, treated-with- S. boulardii); Group D (immunosuppressed, infected-with-S. sonnei). After taking samples for blood cultures, the rats were sacrificed. Large bowel, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were removed for microbiological examination. Results: S. boulardii in group B and S. sonnei in group D were isolated from blood in some rats. Statistical analysis of our data, showed that the numbers of translocated colonies in the liver and spleen were relatively higher for S. boulardii in Group B and for S. sonnei in Group D, without reaching levels of statistical significance. For MLN, colony counts in Group B was higher than Group C and A showing statistical significance. Conclusion: The administration of S. boulardii showed promising results for the therapy of S. sonnei infection in immunosuppressed rats, but therapeutic usage of S. boulardii should be carefully assessed by taking into consideration the risk it poses versus potential benefits in risk groups

Management of an Adult with Spaced Dentition, Class III Malocclusion and Open-bite Tendency

The aim of this case report was to present the orthodontic treatment of an adult with spaced dentition, Class III malocclusion, and open-bite tendency. A 28.4-year-old adult woman was concerned about the unesthetic appearance of her spaced dentition localized at both upper and lower arches while smiling. She had a mild tongue thrust, hypertropic upper frenum, and mild speech difficulty while pronouncing “s”. Her profile was straight with prominent lips. Molar relationship was Class III on both sides. Anterior teeth were in an end-to-end relationship. Lower dental midline was deviated to the left side. Cephalometric analysis revealed a skeletal Class III relationship with hyperdivergent facial pattern. The treatment plan included myotherapeutic exercises for the tongue thrust habit and a diagnostic set-up for closure of diastemas. A strict retention protocol was followed combined with gingivoplasty, fiberotomy, and frenectomy procedures. All spaces were closed successfully, adequate overbite and overjet relationships were obtained, and tongue thrust habit and speech difficulty while pronouncing “s” were eliminated. Clinical and cephalometric results indicated the maintenance of the treatment outcome at 6-months post-retention period

Is There Any Difference Between Gonial Angle Values Measured on Digital Lateral Cephalograms and Orthopantomograms?

Objective:To determine whether there is a difference between the gonial angle (GoAng) values measured on digital lateral cephalograms (Lat Cephs) and orthopantomograms (OPGs) using a software.Methods:This study was conducted by examining the digital Lat Cephs and OPGs of 51 patients (9 males, 42 females) who received orthodontic treatment. The mean age of the patients was 19.51±4.92 years. All digital radiographs were acquired with the same machine. The GoAng measurements were performed digitally using TotalCeph software. In order to evaluate the difference between the GoAngs measured on the digital Lat Cephs and OPGs, a paired t-test was used. To compare the two techniques (digital Lat Ceph and OPG) in terms of GoAng measurement, Bland-Altman analysis was used. The differences between the right and left GoAngs measured on the digital OPGs were evaluated using a paired t-test. The intraobserver reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for repeated measurements.Results:The intraobserver reliability was 0.99 for repeated measurements. There were no statistically significant differences between the GoAngs measured on digital Lat Cephs and OPGs (p=0.1). Bland-Altman analysis showed high levels of agreement between digital Lat Cephs and OPGs with a bias value of −0.4° for GoAng measurement. Moreover, the differences between the right and left GoAngs measured on the digital OPGs were not statistically significant (p=0.73).Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrated that the digital OPGs were as reliable as the digital Lat Cephs for measuring Go angles using a software

Studying on critical exponents around glass transition; A fast transient fluorescence study

Serbest radikal çaprazbağ kopolimerizasyonu (FCC) ile elde edilen etilmetakrilat (EMA) kopolimerizasyonunda zaman ayrımlı floresans teknik kullanılarak camsı geçiş çalışılmıştır. Floresans molekül olarak Piren (Py) seçilmiştir.  Floresans bozunum eğrilerinden piren molekülünün floresans yaşam zamanı hesaplanmış ve camsı geçişin izlenmesi için kullanılmıştır. Camsı yapı oluşumu ile reaksiyon ortamının yoğunluğundaki değişim piren moleküllerinin floresans verimini etkiler. Bu etki farklı sıcaklık ve çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonlarında EMA’nın camsı geçişinin çalışılmasına olanak sağlamıştır.  Camsı geçiş noktası civarında jel kesrine ve ortalama küme büyüklüğü ait kritik üsler b=0.36±0.002 ve  g=1.68±0.01 hesaplamış ve sonuçlar sızma teorisi ile uyum içerisinde bulunmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Camsı geçiş, kritik üsler, zaman ayrımlı floresans teknik.The bulk free radical crosslinking copolymerization is divided into three different stages; low conversion stage, gel effect stage, and glass effect stage. The glass effect stage occurs as the last stage of polymerization, if the reaction temperature is lower than the glass transition point of the polymer. The glass transition during polymerization was studied in free-radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) of ethyl methacrylate, (EMA) using the fast transient fluorescence (FTRF) techniques. Pyrene (Py) was used as a fluorescence probe. The fluorescence lifetimes of Py from its decay traces were measured and used to monitor the glass transition. Changes in the viscosity of the pregel solutions due to glassy formation dramatically enhance the fluorescent yield of Py molecules. The reaction time at which the Py lifetime exhibit sudden increase corresponds to the reaction time at which the rate of polymerization becomes maximum resulting from the gel effcet. This effect is used to study the glassy formation of EMA, as a function of time, at various crosslinker concentrations and different temperatures.  The results were interpreted in the view of percolation theory. The gel fraction, b and weight average degree of polymerization, g exponents were measured near the glass transition point as b =0.36±0.002, g =1.687±0.01 and the results are found in agreement with percolation results. Keywords: Glass transition, critical exponents, time resolved fluorescence technique

Electromyographic Activities of Masticatory Muscles in Class III Patients Treated by Facemask With Miniplate Anchorage

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate electromyographic (EMG) activities of left and right anterior temporal, masseter, and anterior digastric muscles during resting, maximum voluntary clenching, and swallowing before and after facemask treatment.Materials and Methods:Fifteen patients with Class III malocclusion (mean age, 12.1 ± 1.43 years) were included in this study. The patients were treated by means of facemask with miniplate anchorage after 8 weeks of alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) protocol. Before and after treatment, EMG examinations during resting, maximum voluntary clenching, and swallowing were carried out on all subjects. Total treatment time was 9.9 ± 2.63 months. Changes in the activities of right and left anterior temporal, masseter, and anterior digastric muscles were tested by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.Results:The EMG activities of left and right anterior temporal, masseter, and anterior digastric muscles during resting, maximum voluntary clenching, and swallowing did not show any statistically significant changes after treatment (p>.05).Conclusion:The EMG evaluation showed that facemask treatment with miniplate anchorage after the Alt-RAMEC protocol did not change the EMG activities of left and right anterior temporal, masseter, and anterior digastric muscles in patients with Class III malocclusion

Genetic and clinical variations of developmental epileptic encephalopathies

Objective: The concept of 'developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE)' recognises that in infants presenting with severe early-onset epilepsy, neurodevelopmental comorbidity may be attributable to both the underlying cause and to adverse effects of uncontrolled epileptic activity. There is no direct genotype - phenotype correlation in DEEs. This study aimed to report the genetic and phenotypic differences in patients with DEE. Methods: Genetic evaluations of the patients were performed due to epilepsy combined with developmental delay, epileptic encephalopathy, motor deficits, autistic features, or cognitive impairment. Patients were assessed for demographic characteristics, medical history, family history, psychomotor development, seizure control interventions, electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Results: This study included 20 children aged 0-16 years who were diagnosed as having DEE.The types of DEE detected in our study were DEE 2, 4, 6B, 7, 11, 26, 30, 33, 35, 42, 58, 62, and 67.Status epilepticus was recorded in only DEE7. The most common EEG abnormality was multifocal epileptic discharges (35%,) followed by burst-suppression patterns in patients with neonatal-onset seizures. Thirteen of the children were aged over 2 years, two (15%) were non-ambulatory and six (46%) were non-verbal. MRI scans were normal in 80% of the patients. Refractory epilepsy seen in 33% of cases.De-novo mutation, microcephaly and dysmorphic findings accompany resistant seizures and are associated with poor prognosis Discussion: For patients with movement disorders, developmental delay, autism, and ID with or without epilepsy in any period of their life, next-generation sequencing is the only diagnostic technique available, with genetic analysis often being the only diagnostic method

Childhood Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome With Prominent Neurological Involvement

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization.1 The difference in clinical severity between adults and children may be due to the differences in renin- angiotensin system receptors and altered inflammatory pathogen responses.

Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Functional Outcome in Stroke

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the cognitive impairment on functional status in patients with subacute stroke. Fifty-two patients with subacute stroke were included in the study. Mini mental state examination (MMSE) test was used for the evaluation of cognitive status. Patients were separated into two groups according to their cognitive functions. Functional follow-up parameters were activities of daily living (ADL), global recovery and ambulation status. All patients were evaluated on admission to rehabilitation unit, at discharge and 6 months after discharge. Forty-four patients were completed the study. Mean age was 66 and 57 years; disease duration on admission was 4,8 and 3,5 months in the cognitively impaired and normal groups, respectively. Significant improvement was found in terms of functional follow-up parameters in both groups at discharge (P < .05). Functional follow-up parameters did not show statistically significant difference between the groups. But community ambulation rate was higher in cognitively normal group at the sixth month visit. As a result of this study, inpatient rehabilitation was effective both cognitively normal and impaired subacute stroke patients

Termoplastik Pekiştirme Apareylerini Temizleme Yöntemleri ve Etkileri

Estetik ve şeffaf olması sebebiyle termoplastik pekiştirme apareylerine ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Pekiştirme tedavisi sırasında hastalardan bu apareyleri yemek dışında tam zamanlı kullanmaları, apareyler ağızdayken su dışında bir şey yiyip içmemeleri ve apareylerini iyi temizlemeleri istenmektedir. Ortodontistler bu apareylerin hijyeninin sağlanması için farklı yöntemler önermektedirler. Bilimsel literatür fırçalama ve kimyasal ajanlarla temizliğin en popüler yöntemler olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun süreli kullanım ve tekrarlayan temizleme siklusları termoplastik pekiştirme apareylerinin mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerini bozabilmektedir. Apareyler nem, ısı ve tükürük enzimlerine maruz kaldığında değişikliğe yatkındır. Etkili bir temizleme yöntemi kullanım ömrünü uzatır ve hastanın tedaviye uyumunu artırır. Termoplastik pekiştirme apareylerinin hijyeninin sağlanmasında herhangi bir yaklaşımın hastaya tavsiye edilebilmesi için kullanılan yöntemlerin avantaj ve dezavantajlarının iyi bilinmesi önemlidir. Bu nedenle derlemenin amacı; termoplastik pekiştirme apareylerinin temizliğinde kullanılan yöntemleri ve etkilerini araştırmaktır

Determination of Reliability of Different Reference Lines for Photogrammetric Assessment

The aim of this study is to determine the most reliable reference line among five different reference lines used for photogrammetric measurments obtained from women's standardized extraoral photographs. 35 healty females with a mean age of 23.25±2.64 years were examined in this study. Soft tissue measurements were done directly from the lateral and frontal view on each face. Extraoral photographs were taken with a standardized method from a constant distance and at the same lighting condition. The photographs were transfered to the computer and parameters were measured on each photograph by using three reference lines on the lateral view (Ex-Ex, En-En, P-P) and two reference lines on the frontal view (Sa-Sba, TEx). Magnification error was corrected by using values of reference lines. Three different values frontally and two different values laterally were obtained for each parameter according to the reference lines. These values were tested with repeated measure ANOVA and compared with the direct values obtained from the patients. For the lateral measurements, the values according to Sa-Sba reference line were statistically different from the real values (p<0.05). The values according to T-Ex reference line were statistically different for two parameters and not statistically different for remaining four parameters. Fort he frontal measurements, the values according to Ex-Ex, En-En and P-P lines were statistically different from the real values for all parameters. When the study group was assessed entirely, it was found that T-Ex and Ex-Ex lines were the most reliable reference lines for the lateral and the frontal measurements, respectively