Historiography of the restorations in Pompeii: from its discovery to the early nineteenth century. Digitization of the recent past to support the transmission of knowledge

The current research activity, carried out within the PhD Architettura: Innovazione e Patrimonio, Consorzio Argonauti, aims to retrace the history of the restoration of the ancient city of Pompeii in a defined period, from the second half of the eighteenth century (after its discovery in 1748) to the first half of the nineteenth century. The objectives of the present research include two main points: arrange systematically the events related to the restoration, in order to fill the knowledge gap, and provide a case study of restorative techniques in the past that the historian and the restorer can use as a tool for understanding the archaeological buildings and sites as they are today. Although Pompeii has always been the object of restorative methods, there are currently no organized publications to refer to, while previous publications calls for a thorough examination and reorganization. The methodology involves three main phases: literature search, archival research and field verification of the data collection. A mapping of the restoration works carried out in Pompeii in the period this research refers to is being conducted in order to provide the Superintendence with a practical, immediate and concise tool that experts can easily manage. For this purpose, starting from the geo-referenced map data the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia has provided, I am defining a land information system (LIS) supported by GIS tools aiming at displaying a detailed data sheet, which contains restoration interventions relevant to the single building. The shape files processed during this study will be made available to the Siav (Sistema Informativo Archeologico Vesuviano) of the Superintendence in order to perform database queries created and any spatial analysis

Design on Archaeological Sites between Enhancement and Conservation. The Museographic Project of the Acropolis of Mount Filerimos (Rhodes)

The current appearance of the archaeological area of Mount Filerimos, in the island of Rhodes, is the result of design by Rodolfo Petracco, made during the Italian occupation of Dodecanese. The site, formerly the acropolis of the ancient Ialysos, has many stratifications: a pre-hellenic cult is attested since IX cent. B.C., while the remains of architectural structures are dated between the VI cent. B.C. and 1930s, when the re-built church of "Our Lady" was enlarged with the monastery. Purpose of the project illustrated in this paper is to improve the physical and cultural use of the site and facilitate its conservation, through a more appropriate use of the architectural structures. The project, based mainly on historical knowledge and on the critical reading of the archaeological site, includes two different forms of museography. An "open-air" museum, designed to ensure accessibility to different categories of users, allows to visit the main archaeological remains with safety for users protecting the structures. The new access walkway to the church replaces the current and precarious path on the east foundation of the late-classic temple of Athena. Part of the design is the lapidarium set up with Early Christian and Byzantine architectural fragments. It is located close to the structures of the multilayered Church, to emphasize the connection between exposure and environmental context. The typological exhibition promotes understanding by the visitor and, at same time, the conservation of the blocks. A "traditional" archaeological museum is set up with the votive offerings to the ancient deity of the acropolis, which are preserved at the moment in the city of Rhodes. The exhibition is located in the monastic structures, strongly degraded after almost a century of abandonment. The new use of the monastery doesn’t alter its original image, respects the architectural character of the building and preserves, where is possible, its furnishings

The archaeological site of Mount Filerimos, acropolis of the ancient Ialysos, was excavated, studied and planned during the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese. Although the polis was the most influential deme in pre-synoecism age, it is not, nowadays, the focus of tourists as Lindos and Kameiros are. An enhancement intervention should attract more visitors: the consequent greater availability of financial resources would allow for a repeated maintenance intervention. In fact, a lack of a continuity in the fruition/use has significantly contributed to the degradation of the rebuilt church "Our Lady" and of attached structures of the monastery, which were designed in 1930s. The project - who also aims to facilitate the fruition and the understanding of the cultural offer of the site - prepare such locations for an antiquarium. The antiquarium would bring back to Ialysos the remains of the votive offers of the temple of Athana, which are now in Rhodes. The scientific project divides, in the two built arms of the cloister, the pre-Hellenic offers from those referred to the worship of the poliadic divinity, as shown by the remains of the temple where the church was built on. The exposure of the lapidarium places the coeval architectural fragments near the structures of the Early Christian church, assuring their protection. Moreover, the understanding of the stratifications of the archaeological area and the need for a safe terraced site set the bases for the planning of itineraries aiming both to direct visitors and to protect the architectural structures.

The archaeological site of Mount Filerimos, acropolis of the ancient Ialysos, was excavated, studied and planned during the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese. Although the polis was the most influential deme in pre-synoecism age, it is not, nowadays, the focus of tourists as Lindos and Kameiros are. An enhancement intervention should attract more visitors: the consequent greater availability of financial resources would allow for a repeated maintenance intervention. In fact, a lack of a continuity in the fruition/use has significantly contributed to the degradation of the rebuilt church "Our Lady" and of attached structures of the monastery, which were designed in 1930s. The project - who also aims to facilitate the fruition and the understanding of the cultural offer of the site - prepare such locations for an antiquarium. The antiquarium would bring back to Ialysos the remains of the votive offers of the temple of Athana, which are now in Rhodes. The scientific project divides, in the two built arms of the cloister, the pre-Hellenic offers from those referred to the worship of the poliadic divinity, as shown by the remains of the temple where the church was built on. The exposure of the lapidarium places the coeval architectural fragments near the structures of the Early Christian church, assuring their protection. Moreover, the understanding of the stratifications of the archaeological area and the need for a safe terraced site set the bases for the planning of itineraries aiming both to direct visitors and to protect the architectural structures

Design on archaeological sites between enhancement and conservation. The museographic project of the acropolis of Mount Filerimos (Rhodes)

The current appearance of the archaeological area of Mount Filerimos, in the island of Rhodes, is the result of design by Rodolfo Petracco, made during the Italian occupation of Dodecanese. The site, formerly the acropolis of the ancient Ialysos, has many stratifications: a pre-hellenic cult is attested since IX cent. B.C., while the remains of architectural structures are dated between the VI cent. B.C. and 1930s, when the re-built church of "Our Lady" was enlarged with the monastery. Purpose of the project illustrated in this paper is to improve the physical and cultural use of the site and facilitate its conservation, through a more appropriate use of the architectural structures. The project, based mainly on historical knowledge and on the critical reading of the archaeological site, includes two different forms of museography. An "open-air" museum, designed to ensure accessibility to different categories of users, allows to visit the main archaeological remains with safety for users protecting the structures. The new access walkway to the church replaces the current and precarious path on the east foundation of the late-classic temple of Athena. Part of the design is the lapidarium set up with Early Christian and Byzantine architectural fragments. It is located close to the structures of the multilayered Church, to emphasize the connection between exposure and environmental context. The typological exhibition promotes understanding by the visitor and, at same time, the conservation of the blocks. A "traditional" archaeological museum is set up with the votive offerings to the ancient deity of the acropolis, which are preserved at the moment in the city of Rhodes. The exhibition is located in the monastic structures, strongly degraded after almost a century of abandonment. The new use of the monastery doesn’t alter its original image, respects the architectural character of the building and preserves, where is possible, its furnishings

Umbilical Cord Milking vs Delayed Cord Clamping and Associations with In-Hospital Outcomes among Extremely Premature Infants

ObjectiveTo compare in-hospital outcomes after umbilical cord milking vs delayed cord clamping among infants <29 weeks of gestation.Study designMulticenter retrospective study of infants born <29 weeks of gestation from 2016 to 2018 without congenital anomalies who received active treatment at delivery and were exposed to umbilical cord milking or delayed cord clamping. The primary outcome was mortality or severe (grade III or IV) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) by 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA). Secondary outcomes assessed at 36 weeks of PMA were mortality, severe IVH, any IVH or mortality, and a composite of mortality or major morbidity. Outcomes were assessed using multivariable regression, incorporating mortality risk factors identified a priori, confounders, and center. A prespecified, exploratory analysis evaluated severe IVH in 2 gestational age strata, 22-246/7 and 25-286/7 weeks.ResultsAmong 1834 infants, 23.6% were exposed to umbilical cord milking and 76.4% to delayed cord clamping. The primary outcome, mortality or severe IVH, occurred in 21.1% of infants: 28.3% exposed to umbilical cord milking and 19.1% exposed to delayed cord clamping, with an aOR that was similar between groups (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 0.93, 2.26). Infants exposed to umbilical cord milking had higher odds of severe IVH (19.8% umbilical cord milking vs 11.8% delayed cord clamping, aOR 1.70 95% CI 1.20, 2.43), as did the 25-286/7 week stratum (14.8% umbilical cord milking vs 7.4% delayed cord clamping, aOR 1.89 95% CI 1.22, 2.95). Other secondary outcomes were similar between groups.ConclusionsThis analysis of extremely preterm infants suggests that delayed cord clamping is the preferred practice for placental transfusion, as umbilical cord milking exposure was associated with an increase in the adverse outcome of severe IVH.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00063063

Delivery Room Resuscitation and Short-Term Outcomes in Moderately Preterm Infants

ObjectivesTo describe the frequency and extent of delivery room resuscitation and evaluate the association of delivery room resuscitation with neonatal outcomes in moderately preterm (MPT) infants.Study designThis was an observational cohort study of MPT infants delivered at 290/7 to 336/7 weeks' gestational age (GA) enrolled in the Neonatal Research Network MPT registry. Infants were categorized into 5 groups based on the highest level of delivery room intervention: routine care, oxygen and/or continuous positive airway pressure, bag and mask ventilation, endotracheal intubation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compressions and/or epinephrine use. The association of antepartum and intrapartum risk factors and discharge outcomes with the intensity of resuscitation was evaluated.ResultsOf 7014 included infants, 1684 (24.0%) received routine care and no additional resuscitation, 2279 (32.5%) received oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure, 1831 (26.1%) received bag and mask ventilation, 1034 (14.7%) underwent endotracheal intubation, and 186 (2.7%) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Among the antepartum and intrapartum factors, increasing GA, any exposure to antenatal steroids and prolonged rupture of membranes decreased the likelihood of receipt of all levels of resuscitation. Infants who were small for GA (SGA) had increased risk of delivery room resuscitation. Among the neonatal outcomes, respiratory support at 28 days, days to full oral feeds and length of stay were significantly associated with the intensity of delivery room resuscitation. Higher intensity of resuscitation was associated with increased risk of mortality.ConclusionsThe majority of MPT infants receive some level of delivery room resuscitation. Increased intensity of delivery room interventions was associated with prolonged respiratory and nutritional support, increased mortality, and a longer length of stay