An Analysis of Industrial and Occupational Stratification in Rural Labor Market Areas.

The geographic area where workers reside and work defines the labor market area. The opportunities available in labor market areas vary considerably. For workers, these differences represent opportunity boundaries. The employment profile of rural labor market areas and the resulting impact on workers\u27 earnings are the foci of this research. Three research phases are reported. First, a descriptive analysis of labor market area differences is provided. Second, factors contributing to earnings differences are discussed. Third, results of exploratory analysis for farm couples\u27 off-farm earnings are reported. The data used in analysis is the U.S. Census PUMS-D individual level data which is clustered by multi-county labor market areas. Labor market areas studied are limited to rural labor market areas only. These are labor market areas in which at least half of the population resides outside of urban centers. Those labor market areas with agricultural dependent counties are identified as agricultural labor market areas while those with manufacturing dependent counties are identified as manufacturing labor market areas. A profile of rural labor markets is provided by region and by economic base. Using a direct standardization technique the rural labor market areas are compared. Findings indicate that differences in the wage structure of the regions has a greater impact than occupational distribution or industrial employment distribution. Further analysis for men and women found employment opportunity differences and labor force segmentation among the rural labor market areas. Earnings differences were shown to be affected by labor market characteristics as well as individual human capital factors. Living in a rural labor market area with agricultural based counties had a significantly negative impact on men\u27s off-farm earnings. The industry and occupation of employment were also significant factors for most men. For women, employment in professional or managerial occupations had a greater effect than did individual factors of age and education. Locational factors of region and the economic base of the labor market were not significant for women\u27s off-farm earnings

Carpet padding and underlay

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Historic buildings: issues in preservation and protection

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu.National Trust for Historic Preservatio

Historic farmsteads

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu.This project has been supported in part by a grant from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Acknowledgement is given to Mary Humstone and Michael Matts of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Robert Puschendorf of the Ne- braska State Historical Society, Larry Reed of the State Historical Society of Wiscon- sin, Sandra Hatter, Cheryl Burkhart-Kriesel, Bruce Treffer and Chris Carlson of Ne- braska Cooperative Extension, and Shirley Niemeyer and Thomas Silletto of the University of Nebraska for their critical review of this publication

The Flow

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