Protecting Online Privacy in the Digital Age: Carpenter v. United States and the Fourth Amendment\u27s Third-Party Doctrine

The intent of this thesis is to examine the future of the third-party doctrine with the proliferation of technology and the online data we are surrounded with daily, specifically after the United States Supreme Court\u27s decision in Carpenter v. United States. In order to better understand the Supreme Court\u27s reasoning in that case, this thesis will review the history of the third-party doctrine and its roots in United States v. Miller and Smith v. Maryland. A review of Fourth Amendment history and jurisprudence is also crucial to this thesis, as it is imperative that individuals do not forfeit their Constitutional guarantees for the benefit of living in a technologically advanced society. This requires an understanding of the modern-day functional equivalents of papers and effects. Furthermore, this thesis will ultimately answer the following question: Why is it legally significant that we protect at least some data that comes from technologies that our forefathers could have never imagined under the Fourth Amendment? Looking to the future, this thesis will contemplate solutions on how to move forward in this technology era. It will scrutinize the relevancy of the third-party doctrine due to the rise of technology and the enormous amount of information held about us by third parties. In the past, the Third-Party Doctrine may have been good law, but that time has passed. It is time for the Third-Party Doctrine to be abolished so the Fourth Amendment can join the 21st Century

Una aproximación al Riesgo Reputacional Bancario mediante técnicas de Text Mining

El modelo desarrollado se utilizará para gestionar el riesgo reputacional de la empresa, reflejando el importe de Capital que tendrá que mantener reservado para hacer frente a los eventuales efectos adversos originados por una percepción negativa por parte de todos los interesados en la organización. Se espera que este modelo permita periódicamente determinar el nivel de asignación óptima de capital para mitigar efectos adversos que pudiesen dañar la solvencia de la compañía, a partir de la información suministrada por el mercado, el contexto macroeconómico local y la percepción de los distintos participantes. Ante la falta de regulación específica, esta tesis es una propuesta para mitigar el riesgo reputacional de las Entidades Financieras y por lo tanto, da respuesta a una pretensión de la autoridad monetaria de gestionar el riesgo reputacional. En este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo econométrico que incorpora datos provenientes de las percepciones que expresan los usuarios a través de opiniones públicas a partir del empleo de técnicas de Text Mining. Para eso se utilizaron datos públicos extraídos de las opiniones de usuarios de la red social Twitter y las cotizaciones de los precios de aquellos Bancos que cotizan en el BYMA (Bolsa y Mercados Argentinos). Además, se empleó información financiera propia del rol de la empresa cotizante dentro del índice bursátil S&P Merval. Dentro del proceso interno de evaluación de la adecuación del capital (ICAAP) que deben realizar las Entidades Financieras en el marco de su política de Gestión de Riesgos, el Banco Central de la República Argentina (BCRA), establece que dichas instituciones deben desarrollar metodologías para medir en la forma más precisa posible los efectos del riesgo reputacional en términos de otros tipos de riesgo a los cuales podría estar la entidad expuesta, incluyendo para ello escenarios de riesgo reputacional en sus pruebas de tensión regulares a los fines de evitar efectos reputacionales adversos y mantener la confianza del mercado. En la literatura se mencionan algunos enfoques econométricos con variables financieras para dimensionar el Capital Económico que deben destinar para hacer frente al mencionado riesgo. Asimismo, se hace alusión a que este riesgo puede asimilarse al Operacional, y no existe un consenso sobre la forma de cuantificarlo.The model developed will be used to manage the company’s reputational risk, reflecting the amount of Capital that it will have to keep reserved to face possible adverse effects caused by a negative perception on the part of all those interested in the organization. This model is expected to periodically determine the optimal capital allocation level to mitigate adverse effects that could damage the solvency of the company, based on the information provided by the market, the local macroeconomic context and the perception of the different participants. Given the lack of specific regulation, this thesis is a proposal to mitigate the reputational risk of Financial Institutions and therefore, responds to a claim by the monetary authority to manage reputational risk. In this work, an econometric model is developed that incorporates data from the perceptions expressed by users through public opinions from the use of Text Mining techniques. For this, public data extracted from the opinions of users of the Twitter social network and the price quotes of those Banks listed on the BYMA (Bolsa y Mercados Argentinos) were used. In addition, financial information from the role of the listed company within the S&P Merval stock index was used. Within the internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP) that Financial Institutions must carry out within the framework of their Risk Management policy, the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic (BCRA) establishes that said institutions must develop methodologies to measure as accurately as possible the effects of reputational risk in terms of other types of risk to which the entity could be exposed, including reputational risk scenarios in its regular stress tests in order to avoid adverse reputational effects and maintain market confidence. Some econometric approaches with financial variables are mentioned in the literature to measure the Economic Capital that must be allocated to face the aforementioned risk. Likewise, reference is made to the fact that this risk can be assimilated to Operational risk, and there is no consensus on how to quantify it

The Sultan of Constantinople and the Caliph of Baghdad: Military Composition and Centralized Power in the Muslim World, 749–1800

This paper strives to examine the beginnings of first the Abbasid armed forces beginning with the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate in 749 AD, in order to understand the main recruitment patterns, regions, ethnicities, and incentives for recruitment; a study of the initial Ottoman military will be conducted in order to showcase the differences between the two, as well as to suggest why the Ottomans enjoyed a supremacy which the Abbasids never held for an extended amount of time