Vorderingsregte as sekerheidsobjektesekerheidsessies of notariele verbande?

Text in AfrikaansDie doel van saaklike sekerheidstelling is om 'n saak as eksekusievoorwerp tot die beskikking van die kredietgewer te stel. Vorderingsregte as sekerheidsobjekte voldoen hieraan en moet daarom as deel van die saakbegrip beskou word. Vorderingsregte word in die praktyk as sekerheidsobjekte aangewend of by wyse van sekerheidsessies of deur middel van die registrasie van 'n notariele verband daaroor. Alhoewel die regspraak by sekerheidsessies voorkeur gee aan 'n verpandingskonstruksie, is Scott van mening dat 'n algehele sekerheidsessie nog moontlik is. Die toepassing van die verpandingskonstruksie lewer aanvaarbare resultate en voldoen meestal aan die kontrakterende partye se behoeftes. Die vereiste van publisiteit by pandreg sal egter in sekere gevalle nie vir die partye aanvaarbaar wees nie en kan algehele sekerheidsessies hier 'n oplossing bied. By notariele verbande is die bestaande posisie ingevolge waarvan 'n onderskeid gemaak word tussen liggaamlike en onliggaamlike sake as sekerheidsobjekte, onuithoudbaar en is wetgewing in die verband nodig. The aim of real security is to have objects available to a creditor for execution. Personal rights may be used for this purpose and should therefore be included in the definition of property. In practise claims (personal rights) are used as security objects by way of a security cession or through the registration of a notarial bond over the claims. Although the courts give preference to personal rights in security by way of pledge, Scott is of the opinion that these decisions do not exclude out-and-out security cessions. The results that application of the law of pledge causes, are acceptable and will mostly fulfil the need of the parties. In certain situations the requirement of publicity will however be unacceptable in which instance out-and-out security cessions may be the solution. The current position where a distinction is made between corporeal and incorporeal property as security objects, is unacceptable and legislation is needed in this regard.Private LawLL.M

Gaps in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Guidelines

In 2020 in the Netherlands, approximately 700 adult patients were diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Patients with DTC are treated according to the DTC guideline, and in this thesis we investigated different gaps in the current DTC guideline.In general, the treatment of DTC consists of surgery followed by radioactive iodine therapy. Before the treatment with radioactive iodine therapy, patients have to follow a low iodine diet. In this thesis we showed that a low iodine diet of four days is sufficient to prepare patients for this treatment. After treatment, patients will be followed to detect possible recurrent disease. During this follow-up, thyroid protein thyroglobulin (Tg) is determined in the blood because it helps with detecting possible disease. However, 25% of the DTC patients have antibodies against Tg which could make the Tg result unreliable. In this thesis we provide guidance how to interpret Tg in the presence of these antibodies so Tg can still be used during the follow-up of these DTC patients. Paediatric DTC is a rare disease with an excellent prognosis and survival rate. For this reason it is important to investigate the long-term effects and the optimal treatment for this disease. The long-term effects investigated in this thesis were the bone mineral density (BMD) and psychosocial development of adults treated for paediatric DTC. Fortunately, most paediatric DTC survivors showed a normal BMD and psychosocial development. In addition, we developed national recommendations for the treatment of paediatric DTC, and a summary of these recommendations were described in this thesis

Socio-economic gradients in diagnosed and undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes and its related health complications

Background and aims Diagnosed and undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) remains a challenge in high-income countries. In addition, the presence of T2D can cause further disease burden because of its high susceptibility to complications. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence of socio-economic gradients in undiagnosed T2D and its complications in a large population cohort. We investigated this using the Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study (Lifelines). Methods and results Within Lifelines, baseline data of 102 163 adults aged 30 and above were collected from 2007 to 2013. The associations of Socio-Economic Status (SES), indicated by monthly household income, with the prevalence of T2D status and the number of T2D complications were assessed using multinomial Poisson and linear regressions with adjustments for age and sex. The prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed T2D was, respectively, 3.0% and 3.0% in the low SES group compared to 1.1% and 1.8% in the high SES group. Individuals with lower SES were at higher risk of having undiagnosed T2D (relative risk ratio (rrr) [95% CI]: 1.63 [1.47–1.81] for low SES and 1.16 [1.05–1.29] for middle SES) and diagnosed T2D, compared with those with high SES. Lower SES was positively associated with the number of T2D complications (low SES vs. high SES (ref); B [95% CI]: 0.15 [0.13–0.16]). Conclusion Complementing the known socio-economic gradients in diagnosed T2D, we document socio-economic gradients in undiagnosed T2D and T2D complications in a single, large general representative population. Furthermore, individuals with low SES with diagnosed or undiagnosed T2D were more susceptible to T2D complications

Accuracy of the Chinese lunar calendar method to predict a baby's sex: a population-based study

Villamor E, Dekker L, Svensson T, Cnattingius S. Accuracy of the Chinese lunar calendar method to predict a baby's sex: a population-based study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010.We estimated the accuracy of a non-invasive, inexpensive method (the Chinese lunar calendar, CLC) to predict the sex of a baby from around the time of conception, using 2 840 755 singleton births occurring in Sweden between 1973 and 2006. Maternal lunar age and month of conception were estimated, and used to predict each baby's sex, according to a published algorithm. Kappa statistics were estimated for the actual vs. the CLC-predicted sex of the baby.Overall kappa was 0.0002 [95% CI −0.0009, 0.0014]. Accuracy was not modified by year of conception, maternal age, level of education, body mass index or parity. In a validation subset of 1000 births in which we used a website-customised algorithm to estimate lunar dates, kappa was −0.02 [95% CI −0.08, 0.04]. Simulating the misuse of the method by failing to convert Gregorian dates into lunar did not change the results. We conclude that the CLC method is no better at predicting the sex of a baby than tossing a coin and advise against painting the nursery based on this method's result.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79303/1/j.1365-3016.2010.01129.x.pd

Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and sarcopenic overweight in the general population:The lifelines cohort study

Background & aims: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined by a relatively low muscle mass in combination with obesity. Sarcopenic obesity was first noted as a health risk in geriatric populations but has recently been recognized as a scientific and clinical priority that may extend beyond geriatric settings. Obesity is generally preceded by overweight, so the prevalence and health risks of sarcopenia in those with overweight (SOW) is of interest for preventive purposes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the prevalence and determinants of SO and SOW in a general population. Methods: Participants (n = 119,494), aged 18-90 years were included from the Dutch Lifelines cohort study. Muscle mass was assessed by 24-h urine creatinine excretion and stratified for gender for analysis, and obesity was defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) >= 30 kg/m(2) and overweight >= 25 kg/m(2). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the relevant determinants of SO and SOW. Results: Respectively for men and women the prevalence of SO was 0.9% and 1.4%, and prevalence of SOW 6.5% and 6.0%. In subjects with sarcopenia, BMI was >= 25 kg/m(2) in 45.5% and >= 30 kg/m(2) in 6.1%. Overall females had a higher prevalence of SOW and SO in all age groups except for SOW in males between ages 40-59. Also, age was a significant determinant of SO and SOW, with a rise in prevalence as of age 50. Of all subjects with SO and SOW, respectively 82.5% and 80.4% were below the age of 70. Compared to those with no morbidities, the odds ratio of SO and SOW among participants with >3 comorbidities was 2.71 (95% CI: 1.62-4.54) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.07-1.65) among males and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.79-1.65) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.06-1.54) among females, independent of other determinants. Overall, an inverse association was found between SOW and SO and physical activity and macronutrient intake. Conclusion: The results support the need for more awareness of SO beyond the field of geriatrics, in particular in subjects with comorbidities. SOW is more prevalent than SO and may provide opportunities for preventive strategies for the general population. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Regional variation in type 2 diabetes:evidence from 137 820 adults on the role of neighbourhood body mass index

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is a key covariate in the study of type 2 diabetes, but can also be theorized as a contextual effect. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which variation in individual risk factors and neighbourhood BMI explain the variation in type 2 diabetes prevalence across neighbourhoods and municipalities. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 137 820 adults aged ≥18 years from 3296 neighbourhoods in 296 municipalities in the Northern Netherlands. The odds of type 2 diabetes was assessed using a multilevel model. Median odds ratios were calculated and choropleth maps were created to visually assess neighbourhood variation in type 2 diabetes prevalence. Results: The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 4%, ranging from 0 to ≥10 and 0-7% across neighbourhoods and municipalities, respectively. Of the regional variation, 67.0 and 71.6% is explained through variation of individual risk factors at the neighbourhood and municipality level, respectively. Analysis on the smallest spatial scale, i.e. the neighbourhood, best captured the regional variance. Statistically significant interaction between individual and neighbourhood BMI was found (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03-1.08, P for interaction < 0.001), adjusted for the individual risk profile. Conclusion: The results suggest a more cautious interpretation of neighbourhood effects in type 2 diabetes is warranted, and reveals the need for further investigation into risk-prone groups to guide the design of community-level interventions to halt the rise in type 2 diabetes prevalence

Lifestyle patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in the Dutch lifelines cohort study

We aimed to identify the underlying subgroups of the population characterized by distinct lifestyle patterns, and to investigate the associations between lifestyle patterns and risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Using data from the Dutch Lifelines cohort study, latent class analysis was performed to derive lifestyle patterns on five lifestyle factors, i.e., smoking, diet quality, TV watching time, physical activity level, and risk drinking. Associations between lifestyle patterns and incident type 2 diabetes were estimated. Among 61,869 participants analyzed, we identified 900 cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up (205,696 person-years; incidence rate 4.38 per 1000 person-years). Five lifestyle pattern groups were identified. Using the “healthy lifestyle group” as reference, the “unhealthy lifestyle group” had the highest risk for type 2 diabetes (HR 1.51 [95%CI 1.24, 1.85]), followed by the “poor diet and low physical activity group” (HR 1.26 [95%CI 1.03, 1.55]). The “risk drinker group” and the “couch potato group” (characterized by excessive TV watching) showed no significantly elevated risk. These models were adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, education, BMI, family history of diabetes, and blood glucose level at baseline. Our study shows that lifestyle factors tended to cluster in unique behavioral patterns within the heterogeneous population. These lifestyle patterns were differentially associated with incident type 2 diabetes. Our findings support the relevance of considering lifestyle patterns in type 2 diabetes prevention. Tailored prevention strategies that target multiple lifestyle risk factors for different lifestyle pattern groups may optimize the effectiveness of diabetes prevention at the population level

How is sport participation related to mortality, diabetes and prediabetes for different body mass index levels?

This study examined the association of sport participation with health outcomes and whether this relation differs between body mass index (BMI)-level subpopulations. Research outcomes for sport participation were compared with other types of leisure-time physical activity (PA). We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the associations of sport participation, and four other PA types (cycling, gardening, doing odd jobs, and walking), with the risk of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and all-cause mortality in 97,212 individuals (58.4% women; mean age: 46.5 years) in the Dutch LifeLines cohort. Outcomes were stratified by three BMI levels: healthy weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)), and obesity (BMI: 30.0 kg/m(2) or above). Sport participation was associated with lower health risks, but only significantly so for prediabetes (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81-0.92). For healthy weight persons, sport participation was associated with the largest risk reductions, with significantly lower risks of prediabetes (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68-0.90) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.96). Other PA types were not associated with significantly lower health risks, with the exception of cycling, for which significantly lower health risks for persons with overweight were found. Our findings show that sport participation is associated with lower health risks, especially prediabetes, but the effect varies between BMI levels, with the strongest link for persons with a healthy weight. Sport participation, together with cycling, is likely to be more effective in reducing health risks than other types of PA

Ultra-processed food and incident type 2 diabetes:studying the underlying consumption patterns to unravel the health effects of this heterogeneous food category in the prospective Lifelines cohort

BACKGROUND: The overall consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) has previously been associated with type 2 diabetes. However, due to the substantial heterogeneity of this food category, in terms of their nutritional composition and product type, it remains unclear whether previous results apply to all underlying consumption patterns of UPF. METHODS: Of 70,421 participants (35–70 years, 58.6% women) from the Lifelines cohort study, dietary intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. UPF was identified according to the NOVA classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to derive UPF consumption patterns. The associations of UPF and adherence to UPF consumption patterns with incidence of type 2 diabetes were studied with logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, diet quality, energy intake, alcohol intake, physical activity, TV watching time, smoking status, and educational level. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 41 months, a 10% increment in UPF consumption was associated with a 25% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (1128 cases; OR 1.25 [95% CI 1.16, 1.34]). PCA revealed four habitual UPF consumption patterns. A pattern high in cold savory snacks (OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.09, 1.22]) and a pattern high in warm savory snacks (OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.08, 1.21]) were associated with an increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes; a pattern high in traditional Dutch cuisine was not associated with type 2 diabetes incidence (OR 1.05 [95% CI 0.97, 1.14]), while a pattern high in sweet snacks and pastries was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes incidence (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.76, 0.89]). CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of UPF as a general food category is reflected by the discrepancy in associations between four distinct UPF consumption patterns and incident type 2 diabetes. For better public health prevention, research is encouraged to further clarify how different UPF consumption patterns are related to type 2 diabetes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-021-02200-4