Кераміка для техніки

The benthic invertebrates fauna of most of the saline lakes of the Sud Lipez region (Bolivia, Altiplano) has been until now quite unstudied. Samples collected during an extensive survey of 12 lakes and two small inflow rivers allow a first list of the main macroinvertebrates living in the biotopes. The heterogeneous nature of these saline lakes with their freshwater springs and phreatic inflows offers a variety of habitats to macroinvertebrates. The benthic fauna in lakes with salinity > 10 g l-1 is not so low in density but includes few species and is dominated by Orthocladinae and Podonominae larvae. In contrast, the freshwater springs and inflows are colonized by a diverse fauna with a mixture of both freshwater and saline taxa, but dominated by Elmidae and Amphipoda. The lakes are quite isolated and, apart from some cosmopolitan organisms, their fauna can be quite distinctive. (Résumé d'auteur

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Contribution \ue0 l\u27\ue9tude des premiers \ue9tats des Chironomides du Tchad (2e note). Description de Tanypus fuscus et Tanypus lacustris

Volume: 41Start Page: 1152End Page: 116

Les cultures énergétiques seront-elles extensives ?

National audienc

Toxicité pour la faune non-cible de quelques insecticides nouveaux utilisés en milieu aquatique tropical

Le Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis est un insecticide entomopathogène qui agit par ingestion et provoque une lyse des tissus épithéliaux de l’intestin ainsi qu’une paralysie des pièces buccales. Le sérotype H-14 (de Barjac), présente une très forte spécificité d’action vis-à-vis des larves de moustiques ainsi que des simulies.Utilisé de manière expérimentale en Côte d’Ivoire dans le cadre d’essais de contrôle des populations larvaires de Simulium damnosum s.l., puis en campagne de lutte contre ces mêmes Diptères, il s’est avéré peu toxique pour la faune aquatique non-cible.Son épandage dans un milieu vierge entraîne une augmentation de l’intensité de dérive des invertébrés présents qui ne dépasse pas 4 à 5 fois sa valeur normale (contre 50 à 200 fois pour des insecticides organophosphorés comme le téméphos ou le chlorphoxim). L’action traumatisante induite par les traitements semble par contre plus longue qu’avec d’autres produits mais est sans conséquences pour le maintien des équilibres.Une action significative sur les Trichoptères Hydropsychidae, qui s’était traduite par une baisse sensible de leur densité après neuf semaines d’un traitement expérimental de saison sèche avec une formulation de B.t.i. H-14, n’a pas été retrouvée à la suite de traitements de campagne de plusieurs mois effectués sur de nombreuses rivières de Côte d’Ivoire, avec une autre formulation.En milieu stagnant, des concentrations très supérieures aux doses actives contre les larves de moustiques ont été lestées et se sont révélées très peu toxiques pour la faune non-cible.D’une manière générale, l’utilisation de B.t.i. H-14 comme moyen de lutte antivectorielle, avec application en milieu aquatique, ne semble pas devoir entraîner de risques écologiques, tout au moins à court et moyen terme.Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is a spore forming bacterium with a pathogenic action caused by the production of a toxic protein. The ingestion by insects of the cristal produced by the spores lead to a paralysis of the mouthparts and a rapid destruction of the gut epithelium. The H-14 serotype isolated by de Barjac (1978) present a strong larvicide specificity against mosquitoes and also Simuliidae.Experimental use of the primary powder or formulations have been done in several rivers of the Ivory Coast, in order to estimate their toxicity against aquatic non-target organisms in the case of Simulium control applications.Some medium term experiments have also been studied as well as a dry season campaign of weekly treatments, covering the main rivers of that country.Applications of a formulation of B.t.i. H-14 on a virgin biotope produces an increase of the invertebrate drift intensity which rise about 4 to 5 times its normal value. Such an increase as to be considered as very low compared to the value which occures after organophosphorus insecticides treatments (respectively 50 to 200 times with temephos and chlophoxim for example…). However, the traumatisation induced on invertebrates by action of B.t.i. seems to be longer than in the case of application of other compounds, but is without any consequences lo the aquatic population balance.A significant decrease of density was found for Hydropsychidae after a 9 weeks experimental treatment of a small river with a B.t.i. formulation. The same phenomenon was not detected after the campaign of treatments with an other formulation, covering most of the Ivorian rivers.A B.t.i. H-14 Sandoz formulation experimented in stagnant biotopes in order to control mosquitoes larvae has been applied without any injury for the non target fauna, even at high dosages never used in a normal campaign.It can be concluded from the present results that B.t.i. H-14 have a nearly total short term innocuity against non target fauna associated lo Simulium damnosum s.l., or mosquitoes larvae. There is also no evidence of a deleterious action on invertebrate populations after a regular application at medium term