Structural and Enzymatic Analysis of Tumor-Targeted Antifolates That Inhibit Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase

Pemetrexed and methotrexate are antifolates used for cancer chemotherapy and inflammatory diseases. These agents have toxic side effects resulting, in part, from nonspecific cellular transport by the reduced folate carrier (RFC), a ubiquitously expressed facilitative transporter. We previously described 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidine antifolates with modifications of the side chain linker and aromatic ring that are poor substrates for RFC but are efficiently transported via folate receptors (FRs) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). These targeted antifolates are cytotoxic <i>in vitro</i> toward FR- and PCFT-expressing tumor cells and <i>in vivo</i> with human tumor xenografts in immune-compromised mice, reflecting selective cellular uptake. Antitumor efficacy is due to inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) formyltransferase (GARFTase) activity in <i>de novo</i> synthesis of purine nucleotides. This study used purified human GARFTase (formyltransferase domain) to assess <i>in vitro</i> inhibition by eight novel thieno- and pyrrolo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidine antifolates. Seven analogues (AGF23, AGF71, AGF94, AGF117, AGF118, AGF145, and AGF147) inhibited GARFTase with <i>K</i>_i values in the low- to mid-nanomolar concentration range, whereas AGF50 inhibited GARFTase with micromolar potency similar to that of PMX. On the basis of crystal structures of ternary complexes with GARFTase, β-GAR, and the monoglutamyl antifolates, differences in inhibitory potencies correlated well with antifolate binding and the positions of the terminal carboxylates. Our data provide a mechanistic basis for differences in inhibitory potencies between these novel antifolates and a framework for future structure-based drug design. These analogues could be more efficacious than clinically used antifolates, reflecting their selective cellular uptake by FRs and PCFT and potent GARFTase inhibition

6‑Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3‑<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Thienoyl Regioisomers as Targeted Antifolates for Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter in Human Tumors

2-Amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidine antifolate thiophene regioisomers of AGF94 (<b>4</b>) with a thienoyl side chain and three-carbon bridge lengths [AGF150 (<b>5</b>) and AGF154 (<b>7</b>)] were synthesized as potential antitumor agents. These analogues inhibited proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) sublines expressing folate receptors (FRs) α or β (IC₅₀s < 1 nM) or the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) (IC₅₀ < 7 nM). Compounds <b>5</b> and <b>7</b> inhibited KB, IGROV1, and SKOV3 human tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations, reflecting both FRα and PCFT uptake. AGF152 (<b>6</b>) and AGF163 (<b>8</b>), 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidine thiophene regioisomers, also inhibited growth of FR-expressing CHO and KB cells. All four analogues inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Crystal structures of human GARFTase complexed with <b>5</b> and <b>7</b> were reported. In severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing SKOV3 tumors, <b>7</b> was efficacious. The selectivity of these compounds for PCFT and for FRα and β over the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier is a paradigm for selective tumor targeting

Tumor Targeting with Novel 6‑Substituted Pyrrolo [2,3‑<i>d</i>] Pyrimidine Antifolates with Heteroatom Bridge Substitutions via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of de Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis

Targeted antifolates with heteroatom replacements of the carbon vicinal to the phenyl ring in <b>1</b> by N (<b>4</b>), O (<b>8</b>), or S (<b>9</b>), or with N-substituted formyl (<b>5</b>), acetyl (<b>6</b>), or trifluoroacetyl (<b>7</b>) moieties, were synthesized and tested for selective cellular uptake by folate receptor (FR) α and β or the proton-coupled folate transporter. Results show increased in vitro antiproliferative activity toward engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing FRs by <b>4</b>–<b>9</b> over the CH₂ analogue <b>1</b>. Compounds <b>4</b>–<b>9</b> inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). X-ray crystal structures for <b>4</b> with FRα and GARFTase showed that the bound conformations of <b>4</b> required flexibility for attachment to both FRα and GARFTase. In mice bearing IGROV1 ovarian tumor xenografts, <b>4</b> was highly efficacious. Our results establish that heteroatom substitutions in the 3-atom bridge region of 6-substituted pyrrolo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidines related to <b>1</b> provide targeted antifolates that warrant further evaluation as anticancer agents

Tumor Targeting with Novel 6‑Substituted Pyrrolo [2,3‑<i>d</i>] Pyrimidine Antifolates with Heteroatom Bridge Substitutions via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of de Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis

Targeted antifolates with heteroatom replacements of the carbon vicinal to the phenyl ring in <b>1</b> by N (<b>4</b>), O (<b>8</b>), or S (<b>9</b>), or with N-substituted formyl (<b>5</b>), acetyl (<b>6</b>), or trifluoroacetyl (<b>7</b>) moieties, were synthesized and tested for selective cellular uptake by folate receptor (FR) α and β or the proton-coupled folate transporter. Results show increased in vitro antiproliferative activity toward engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing FRs by <b>4</b>–<b>9</b> over the CH₂ analogue <b>1</b>. Compounds <b>4</b>–<b>9</b> inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). X-ray crystal structures for <b>4</b> with FRα and GARFTase showed that the bound conformations of <b>4</b> required flexibility for attachment to both FRα and GARFTase. In mice bearing IGROV1 ovarian tumor xenografts, <b>4</b> was highly efficacious. Our results establish that heteroatom substitutions in the 3-atom bridge region of 6-substituted pyrrolo­[2,3-<i>d</i>]­pyrimidines related to <b>1</b> provide targeted antifolates that warrant further evaluation as anticancer agents