Szenarien der klimatischen Auslösung alpiner Hangrutschungen : Simulation durch Downscaling allgemeiner Zirkulationsmodelle der Atmosphäre

Gravitative Massenbewegungen sind ein bedeutender Bestandteil denudativer Abtragung und stellen nicht selten eine Naturgefahr für Gesellschaft und Infrastruktur dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Simulation der klimatischen Steuerung von zwei Hangrutschungen in den Alpen sowie zukünftige Szenarien der Hangrutschungsaktivität infolge des anthropogen verstärkten Treibhauseffekts behandelt. Es handelt sich um eine flachgründige Translationsrutschung in den französischen Alpen sowie um einen Schuttstrom (mudslide) in den Dolomiten.Landslides contribute substantially to land surface denudation and often they have a natural hazard potential for human society and its infrastructure. In the present study the climatic control of two landslides in the Alps is simulated and future scenarios of landslide activity due to the human-induced greenhouse effect are developed

Effectiveness of supported housing versus residential care in severe mental illness: a multicenter, quasi-experimental study

Purpose Up to now there are only few studies and no RCT comparing efficacy or effectiveness of supported housing (SH) versus residential care (RC) in severe mental illness (SMI) without homelessness. Here we present an observational followup study in SMI subjects, who entered SH or RC, to compare clinical and functional outcomes 2 years later. Methods In this prospective study in more than 30 locations throughout a German federal state, we included SMI subjects, who entered SH (n= 153) or RC (n = 104). About one quarter suffered from each substance use, psychotic, affective, or other disorders. To avoid sampling bias, we used the propensity score matching method to establish a quasi-experimental design. Outcome measures were social functioning (SFS), the number of psychiatric hospitalisations, psychopathology (SCL-9-K), and quality of life (MANSA). Apart from descriptive methods we analysed primarily using repeated-measures ANOVAS. Results Our analyses revealed significant effects of time for all outcomes in both study groups. However, there were not any group differences of outcome measures, i.e., not any significant effects of group or interactional effects of group x time. Moreover, these results hold true for intent-to-treat and per-protocol sample analyses. Conclusion The results show, that SH and RC for non-homeless people with SMI achieve the same clinical and psychosocial outcomes across a 2-year period. Taking into account the users’ preferences, the present findings should give reason to ensure the availability of affordable housing and to support the expansion of upported housing approache

Ionic and electronic properties of the topological insulator Bi2_2Te2_2Se investigated using β\beta-detected nuclear magnetic relaxation and resonance of 8^8Li

We report measurements on the high temperature ionic and low temperature electronic properties of the 3D topological insulator Bi$_2$Te$_2$Se using ion-implanted $^8$Li $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic relaxation and resonance. With implantation energies in the range 5-28 keV, the probes penetrate beyond the expected range of the topological surface state, but are still within 250 nm of the surface. At temperatures above ~150 K, spin-lattice relaxation measurements reveal isolated $^8$Li$^{+}$ diffusion with an activation energy $E_{A} = 0.185(8)$ eV and attempt frequency $\tau_{0}^{-1} = 8(3) \times 10^{11}$ s$^{-1}$ for atomic site-to-site hopping. At lower temperature, we find a linear Korringa-like relaxation mechanism with a field dependent slope and intercept, which is accompanied by an anomalous field dependence to the resonance shift. We suggest that these may be related to a strong contribution from orbital currents or the magnetic freezeout of charge carriers in this heavily compensated semiconductor, but that conventional theories are unable to account for the extent of the field dependence. Conventional NMR of the stable host nuclei may help elucidate their origin.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Depth-resolved measurement of the Meissner screening profile in a niobium thin film from spin-lattice relaxation of the implanted β\beta-emitter 8^{8}Li

We report measurements of the Meissner screening profile in a Nb(300 nm)/Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin film using $^{8}$Li $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic resonance ($\beta$-NMR). The NMR probe $^{8}$Li was ion-implanted into the Nb film at energies $\leq$ 20 keV, corresponding to mean stopping depths comparable to Nb's magnetic penetration depth $\lambda$. $^{8}$Li's strong dipole-dipole coupling with the host $^{93}$Nb nuclei provided a "cross-relaxation" channel that dominated in low magnetic fields, which conferred indirect sensitivity to the local magnetic field via the spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) rate $1/T_{1}$. From a fit of the $1/T_{1}$ data to a model accounting for its dependence on temperature, magnetic field, and $^{8}$Li$^{+}$ implantation energy, we obtained a magnetic penetration depth $\lambda_{0}$ = 51.5(22) nm, consistent with a relatively short carrier mean-free-path $\ell$ = 18.7(29) nm typical of similarly prepared Nb films. The results presented here constitute an important step towards using $^{8}$Li $\beta$-NMR to characterize bulk Nb samples with engineered surfaces, which are often used in the fabrication of particle accelerators.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure

Ion-Implanted 8^8Li Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

We report $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic resonance of ultra-dilute $^{8}$Li$^{+}$ implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The absence of motional narrowing and diffusional spin-lattice relaxation implies Li$^+$ is not appreciably mobile up to 400 K, in sharp contrast to the highly lithiated stage compounds. However, the relaxation is remarkably fast and persists down to cryogenic temperatures. Ruling out extrinsic paramagnetic impurities and intrinsic ferromagnetism, we conclude the relaxation is due to paramagnetic centers correlated with implantation. While the resulting effects are not consistent with a Kondo impurity, they also differ from free paramagnetic centers, and we suggest that a resonant scattering approach may account for much of the observed phenomenology

Nuclear magnetic resonance of ion implanted 8^8Li in ZnO

We report on the stability and magnetic state of ion implanted $^8$Li in single crystals of the semiconductor ZnO using $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic resonance. At ultradilute concentrations, the spectra reveal distinct Li sites from 7.6 to 400 K. Ionized shallow donor interstitial Li is stable across the entire temperature range, confirming its ability to self-compensate the acceptor character of its (Zn) substitutional counterpart. Above 300 K, spin-lattice relaxation indicates the onset of correlated local motion of interacting defects, and the spectra show a site change transition from disordered configurations to substitutional. Like the interstitial, the substitutional shows no resolved hyperfine splitting, indicating it is also fully ionized above 210 K. The electric field gradient at the interstitial $^8$Li exhibits substantial temperature dependence with a power law typical of non-cubic metals.Comment: 15 pages and 11 figure

The effect of inter-unit HLA matching in double umbilical cord blood transplantation for acute leukemia

The effects of inter-unit HLA-match on early outcomes with regards to double cord blood transplantation have not been established. Therefore, we studied the effect of inter-unit HLA-mismatching on the outcomes of 449 patients with acute leukemia after double cord blood transplantation. Patients were divided into two groups: one group that included transplantations with inter-unit mismatch at 2 or less HLA-loci (n=381) and the other group with inter-unit mismatch at 3 or 4 HLA-loci (n=68). HLA-match considered low resolution matching at HLA-A and -B loci and allele-level at HLA-DRB1, the accepted standard for selecting units for double cord blood transplants. Patients’, disease, and transplant characteristics were similar in the two groups. We observed no effect of the degree of inter-unit HLA-mismatch on neutrophil (Hazard Ratio 1.27, P=0.11) or platelet (Hazard Ratio 0.1.13, P=0.42) recovery, acute graft-versus-host disease (Hazard Ratio 1.17, P=0.36), treatment-related mortality (Hazard Ratio 0.92, P=0.75), relapse (Hazard Ratio 1.18, P=0.49), treatment failure (Hazard Ratio 0.99, P=0.98), or overall survival (Hazard Ratio 0.98, P=0.91). There were no differences in the proportion of transplants with engraftment of both units by three months (5% after transplantation of units with inter-unit mismatch at ≤2 HLA-loci and 4% after transplantation of units with inter-unit mismatch at 3 or 4 HLA-loci). Our observations support the elimination of inter-unit HLA-mismatch criterion when selecting cord blood units in favor of optimizing selection based on individual unit characteristics